students, I want an individual work of the heroes and precursors of the independence of Peru, a conceptual map of the rev. mierccoles French for the day.
Friday, May 6, 2011
Wednesday, April 6, 2011
Two Weeks Travel Camera Bag
the Russian Revolution
THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION INTRODUCTION
PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT STATEMENT
Citizen of the Russian State:
A great event has taken place. The powerful momentum of the Russian people have brought down the old regime. A new and free Russia was born. This major change long years of fighting crown [....]
The Government believes that the spirit of profound patriotism displayed during the struggle against the old regime, inspire our soldiers in battlefields. [....]
The Government considers essential to make it their duty to express the popular will in regard to the choice of a political regime and convene a constituent assembly as soon as possible on the basis of universal, equal and [....] secret
Lenin opposed the Provisional Government
2. What in particular is in the current Russian situation is the transition from the first stage of the revolution that gave power to the bourgeoisie because of the insufficient degree of awareness and organization of the proletariat, the second phase, which should put the power proletarian held [....].
4. Recognize our party is a minority in most of the soviets of workers' deputies. [....]
5. Nothing parliamentary republic, but the Soviet republic of workers' representatives, agricultural workers and peasants [....].
6. Nationalization of all land in the country, the land will be made available to local soviets [....].
"April Theses." Lenin
1. THE REVOLUTION OF 1917
early twentieth century, Russia was a predominantly agricultural country, is governed by autocratic tsars. In the second half of the nineteenth century modernizers had been changes (deletion of serfdom in 1861, promotion of industrialization), but the political system just evolved.
The social unrest channeled by the various revolutionary groups resulted in a first attempt at revolution (1905). Then boot only timid reforms did Tsar Nicholas II.
Russia's intervention in the Great War (WWI) had disastrous consequences for the country. In February 1917, hungry and desperate masses, grouped into councils of workers, soldiers and peasants (Soviets) began a revolutionary movement in St. Petersburg that caused the abdication of the Tsar.
government was formed Provisional Democratic-led by Kerensky, who had the cooperation of some of the soviets (the Mensheviks). Given the Government's decision to continue the war, the Bolsheviks (radical faction of Russian socialism), led by Lenin and Trotsky, overthrew the Government (October 1917).
2. COMPARISON OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION OF 1917 TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789
The Russian Revolution of 1917, which dethroned the Tsarist regime and establishing a Communist system, has a number of paradoxes. It is said that it is a social revolution in a rural country with few cities, industries limited development of a working population and a bourgeoisie few in number. That is, explodes in a country that lacks the conditions for a revolution to succeed. However, these paradoxes have been exaggerated.
From the Crimean War (XIX), initiates a process of industrialization, building railroads, population shifts from rural to urban areas, and they start living a proletariat working in new factories. Even with these changes, remains a nation of peasants, and contrasts with France of 1789 seem clear: neither his peasants, serfs until 1861, have been lifted out of illiteracy, nor has the intense, old intellectual tradition of France, thinkers of the Enlightenment. It is a world apart. Can be parallel processes in the two revolutions, in the midst of such basic differences? We will continue the Russian revolution stepper. 2.1
Crisis of society and the monarchy. The old landed aristocracy, which had pervaded for centuries in the tsars, go away, with the abolition of the servants, the foundation of their social prominence. The abolition ruined many noble. The rising bourgeoisie
not resigned to remain segregated from power, his impatience is similar to that of the French bourgeoisie in the eighteenth century. Moreover, its economic situation is not good. Industrialization is made with foreign capital, and the defeat of Russia in 1905 off Japan caused the collapse of the business of the middle classes.
For the popular classes, especially for farmers, the outbreak of World War I in 1914, is a tragedy. There is therefore of dissatisfaction in all classes and a situation of hunger and shortages caused by war.
The power of the czars has a religious aspect, and is an aging institution, who refuses the meeting of Parliament. When others call liberal circles in the 1880's, the convening of this meeting, Czar Alexander II, it has freed the servants, is opposed: "The right of initiative is exclusively me to me, and is inextricably linked with the autocratic power entrusted to me by God." These words are anachronistic to the contemporary age. In 1914 Nicholas II became czar alone without support. Modern courts and academia collide with this institution stagnant. 2.2
Rebellion of the privileged. The abolition of serfdom inclines many nobles to engage in conspiracies. The terrorist group of nihilists, who gets to kill the Tsar Alexander II, involved a section of the aristocracy, by school teachers, doctors, engineers and students.
2.3 Dissemination of revolutionary ideas. We have seen that in France the doctrinal background of the revolution is focused on the liberalism of Rousseau, in Russia is the socialism of Marx, introduced throughout the second half of the nineteenth century by a number of thinkers (Herzen, Plekhanov). The adapter is Marxist Lenin to Russia. Lenin for the Russian Revolution is what Rousseau to the French Revolution, their ideas become the ideological core of the revolution.
2.4 Phase moderate. In February 1917, taking advantage of the unrest caused by war, a coup, supported by committees of soviets or workers and soldiers, get down the regime of the czars. Establishing a provisional government, whose leading figure is Kerensky, leader of the revolutionary or socialist eseritas, and getting the support of the Mensheviks, moderate socialists (social democrats). The government resolved to convene an assembly to draft a constitution and lay the foundations of the new regime. 2.5 Phase
exalted. The continuation of the war caused great discontent. In October there was another revolutionary coup, in which control passes to the Bolshevik revolution and socialist revolutionary, whose leading figures are Lenin, Trotsky and Stalin. One of the first decisions is to withdraw from the war (Peace of Brest - Litovsk) to devote all efforts to the revolutionary transformation of Russia.
industry becomes controlled by the Soviets, the nationalized banks and estates are deleted. The new regime has to face in a three-year civil war, supporters of the old regime, and later to farmers, who oppose the disappearance of small properties. Harsh procedures used with farmers and increased police powers reminiscent of the "Reign of Terror" of the revolution in France.
However, in Russia there is no "reaction Thermidorian" means the movement of the extremists by more moderate elements. Is Lenin himself who realizes that the revolution has been a pace too fast and slows down its processes with the "New Economic Policy (NEP), which allowed certain forms of private property to rebuild the economy after the Civil War ( 1918-1922). 2.6
Stalin dictatorship. On the death of Lenin broke out power struggle. Stalin winner emerges, which gets rid of his enemies, including Trotsky, concentrates all power in his hands and began a terrible dictatorship, based on the cult of personality.
2.7 The parallelism of these phases with those of the French Revolution of 1789 is clear, but you should not give overly literal value. Processes in France unwrapped an incomparably more rapid pace, for example, the revolt of the privileged is located two years before the outbreak of revolution, in Russia's discontent begins with aristocracy liberation of the serfs, half a century before 1917 .
The social impact is incomparably more intense in Russia, since the ownership change, which does not happen in France. For this reason it was considered the revolution of 1917 as economic and social (change in the structure of society and property) and the 1789 as a policy (change in power).
But the comparison of the two events, born one of the political crisis of the eighteenth century Enlightenment, and other social tensions of the industrial civilization of the nineteenth century, you can deduct that revolutions arise in a particular crisis situation and develop through a series successive phases.
3. CIVIL WAR AND SOVIET STATE BUILDING
The first revolutionary government ("Council of People's Commissars) took major steps: expropriation of large land holdings of the nobility, which came into peasants' councils, and control factories by the workers. Lenin made peace with Germany (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918), which resulted in large territorial losses for Russia.
These measures raised a growing opposition to the Bolsheviks by various political groups and began a civil war (1919-1921). In this war, the Red Army led by Trotsky, defeated the White Army (counter), supported by France and Britain.
After the war, Russia was ruined. In this situation Lenin had to postpone their projects socialization. For several years, allowed economic liberalization in Russia: the New Economic Policy (NEP).
In 1922, the new Russian state was renamed Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), and adopted a federal structure.
the death of Lenin (1924) began a struggle for power, led by Trotsky and Stalin. Both embodied two opposing ways of revolutionary strategy.
Since 1927, Stalin took control of the situation by establishing a hard dictatorship. Under his leadership, undertook ambitious projects of economic and social five-year plans. Its two main objectives were to industrialize the USSR and socialize its economy.
Based on enormous efforts of the population, the Soviet Union achieved an impressive transformation. On the eve of World War II was already a major industrial power. Glossary
1. Servidurmbre: Work in perpetuity without any salary or wage. Characteristic of the peasant subject to a landowner.
2. Zar: absolutist, autocratic ruler of the Russian Empire.
3. Communist system: According to Marxism, classless society.
4. Mensheviks, Social Revolutionaries moderate Democrats.
5. Bolsheviks: Revolutionary radicals or communists.
6. Dictatorship authoritarian government.
7. Five Year Plans: economic programs for rapid industrialization in Russia.
QUESTIONS 1. The Russian Revolution of February 1917 was led by:
A) Kamenev B) Trotsky
C) Kerensky D) Stalin
E) Khrushchev
2. The Russian Revolution (1917) broke out when it was in Czarist Empire:
A) The Russo - Japanese
B) The Crimean War
C) The First World War
D) World War II
E) War between communist White Russians and
3. Who were the peasant in pre-Soviet Russia?
A) Noble landowners
B)
serfs
C) agricultural capitalists
D) Nobility boy burn
E) Cossack provinces
4. The largest landowners in Czarist Russia were:
A) Kulaks
B) Zemtvos
C)
Soviets
D) Boyar
E) muzhiks
5. Governing Tsarist Russia at the outbreak of the 1st World War and the Revolution of 1917:
A) Alexander
B) Alexander II
C) Nicolas II
D) Prince Lvov
E) muzhiks
6 . Much of the industry and Russian banks, before the Soviet revolution, was in power:
A) Capital Russian
B) Capital Belgian
C) Capital Anglo-French
D) Capital E
German) American Capital
7. Russian parliament called by Nicholas II for reform.
A) Diet
B) Cuts
C) Congress
D) Duma
E)
Soviets
8. What were the Soviets organized in the context of the Russian Revolution?
A) Assembly and boyars mujiks
B) Trade with anarchist ideology
C) Cells of the Bolshevik party
D) Assembly of peasants, workers and soldiers
E) Political Parties Popular
9. Wrote the "April Theses" and was leader of the Bolsheviks (Communists).
A) Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov
B) Laurenti Beria
C) Davidovich Bronstein
D) Joseph Stalin
E) Sergei Kamenev
10. System of government established by the Bolsheviks after taking power in October 1917
A) Liberal Democracy
B) Constitutional Monarchy
C) Dictatorship of the Proletariat
D) Communism
E) Parliamentarism
11. Economic program established by the Bolshevik government to recover the economy after the Civil War (1918 - 1922)
A)
War Communism
B) Five Year Plans
C) Plans
Cuatrinealeles
D) New Economic Program
E ) Great Leap Forward
12. What were the kolkhoz created during the rule of Stalin in the USSR?
A) farms in the USSR
B)
C Farms
capitalists) agricultural cooperatives
D) Rural communities
E)
feudal estates
13. Business group harmed during the application of Stalin's Five Year Plans
A) Boyar
B) muzhiks
C) Workers
D) Kulaks
E) Peasants
14. Main objective of the Five Year Plans Stalin's Soviet government.
A) develop light industry.
B) Construction of roads
C) develop heavy industry
D) To promote the mining work
E) build state farms
15. Possible successor to Lenin in the USSR. According to his political testament:
A) Joseph Stalin
B) Serguei Kaganovich
C) Leon Trotsky
D) Nikita Krusclev
E) Leonid Brezhvev
16. Alexander Kerensky, leader of the Russian Revolution of February 1917, was political tendency: A) Anarchist
B) Social
C) Communist
D) Agrarista
E) Fascist
17. State farms or sovkhoz were created in the USSR during:
A) the implementation of the New Economic Policy
B) the Great Patriotic War
C) five-year plans
D) the period of War Communism
E) the Russian Civil War
18. The February Revolution of 1917 failed because:
A) the failure of War Communism
B) lack of five-year plans
C) the opposition of the Duma
D) the continuation of Russia's First World War
E) the outbreak of World War II
19. What was the role of the kulaks during the rule of Stalin?
A) They opposed the collectivization of agriculture
B) were the military regime
C) financed the recovery of agriculture
D) were agents of the NKVD
E) Opponents and allies of the "White Russians"
20. The largest republic of the USSR was:
A) Russia
PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT STATEMENT
Citizen of the Russian State:
A great event has taken place. The powerful momentum of the Russian people have brought down the old regime. A new and free Russia was born. This major change long years of fighting crown [....]
The Government believes that the spirit of profound patriotism displayed during the struggle against the old regime, inspire our soldiers in battlefields. [....]
The Government considers essential to make it their duty to express the popular will in regard to the choice of a political regime and convene a constituent assembly as soon as possible on the basis of universal, equal and [....] secret
Lenin opposed the Provisional Government
2. What in particular is in the current Russian situation is the transition from the first stage of the revolution that gave power to the bourgeoisie because of the insufficient degree of awareness and organization of the proletariat, the second phase, which should put the power proletarian held [....].
4. Recognize our party is a minority in most of the soviets of workers' deputies. [....]
5. Nothing parliamentary republic, but the Soviet republic of workers' representatives, agricultural workers and peasants [....].
6. Nationalization of all land in the country, the land will be made available to local soviets [....].
"April Theses." Lenin
1. THE REVOLUTION OF 1917
early twentieth century, Russia was a predominantly agricultural country, is governed by autocratic tsars. In the second half of the nineteenth century modernizers had been changes (deletion of serfdom in 1861, promotion of industrialization), but the political system just evolved.
The social unrest channeled by the various revolutionary groups resulted in a first attempt at revolution (1905). Then boot only timid reforms did Tsar Nicholas II.
Russia's intervention in the Great War (WWI) had disastrous consequences for the country. In February 1917, hungry and desperate masses, grouped into councils of workers, soldiers and peasants (Soviets) began a revolutionary movement in St. Petersburg that caused the abdication of the Tsar.
government was formed Provisional Democratic-led by Kerensky, who had the cooperation of some of the soviets (the Mensheviks). Given the Government's decision to continue the war, the Bolsheviks (radical faction of Russian socialism), led by Lenin and Trotsky, overthrew the Government (October 1917).
2. COMPARISON OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION OF 1917 TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789
The Russian Revolution of 1917, which dethroned the Tsarist regime and establishing a Communist system, has a number of paradoxes. It is said that it is a social revolution in a rural country with few cities, industries limited development of a working population and a bourgeoisie few in number. That is, explodes in a country that lacks the conditions for a revolution to succeed. However, these paradoxes have been exaggerated.
From the Crimean War (XIX), initiates a process of industrialization, building railroads, population shifts from rural to urban areas, and they start living a proletariat working in new factories. Even with these changes, remains a nation of peasants, and contrasts with France of 1789 seem clear: neither his peasants, serfs until 1861, have been lifted out of illiteracy, nor has the intense, old intellectual tradition of France, thinkers of the Enlightenment. It is a world apart. Can be parallel processes in the two revolutions, in the midst of such basic differences? We will continue the Russian revolution stepper. 2.1
Crisis of society and the monarchy. The old landed aristocracy, which had pervaded for centuries in the tsars, go away, with the abolition of the servants, the foundation of their social prominence. The abolition ruined many noble. The rising bourgeoisie
not resigned to remain segregated from power, his impatience is similar to that of the French bourgeoisie in the eighteenth century. Moreover, its economic situation is not good. Industrialization is made with foreign capital, and the defeat of Russia in 1905 off Japan caused the collapse of the business of the middle classes.
For the popular classes, especially for farmers, the outbreak of World War I in 1914, is a tragedy. There is therefore of dissatisfaction in all classes and a situation of hunger and shortages caused by war.
The power of the czars has a religious aspect, and is an aging institution, who refuses the meeting of Parliament. When others call liberal circles in the 1880's, the convening of this meeting, Czar Alexander II, it has freed the servants, is opposed: "The right of initiative is exclusively me to me, and is inextricably linked with the autocratic power entrusted to me by God." These words are anachronistic to the contemporary age. In 1914 Nicholas II became czar alone without support. Modern courts and academia collide with this institution stagnant. 2.2
Rebellion of the privileged. The abolition of serfdom inclines many nobles to engage in conspiracies. The terrorist group of nihilists, who gets to kill the Tsar Alexander II, involved a section of the aristocracy, by school teachers, doctors, engineers and students.
2.3 Dissemination of revolutionary ideas. We have seen that in France the doctrinal background of the revolution is focused on the liberalism of Rousseau, in Russia is the socialism of Marx, introduced throughout the second half of the nineteenth century by a number of thinkers (Herzen, Plekhanov). The adapter is Marxist Lenin to Russia. Lenin for the Russian Revolution is what Rousseau to the French Revolution, their ideas become the ideological core of the revolution.
2.4 Phase moderate. In February 1917, taking advantage of the unrest caused by war, a coup, supported by committees of soviets or workers and soldiers, get down the regime of the czars. Establishing a provisional government, whose leading figure is Kerensky, leader of the revolutionary or socialist eseritas, and getting the support of the Mensheviks, moderate socialists (social democrats). The government resolved to convene an assembly to draft a constitution and lay the foundations of the new regime. 2.5 Phase
exalted. The continuation of the war caused great discontent. In October there was another revolutionary coup, in which control passes to the Bolshevik revolution and socialist revolutionary, whose leading figures are Lenin, Trotsky and Stalin. One of the first decisions is to withdraw from the war (Peace of Brest - Litovsk) to devote all efforts to the revolutionary transformation of Russia.
industry becomes controlled by the Soviets, the nationalized banks and estates are deleted. The new regime has to face in a three-year civil war, supporters of the old regime, and later to farmers, who oppose the disappearance of small properties. Harsh procedures used with farmers and increased police powers reminiscent of the "Reign of Terror" of the revolution in France.
However, in Russia there is no "reaction Thermidorian" means the movement of the extremists by more moderate elements. Is Lenin himself who realizes that the revolution has been a pace too fast and slows down its processes with the "New Economic Policy (NEP), which allowed certain forms of private property to rebuild the economy after the Civil War ( 1918-1922). 2.6
Stalin dictatorship. On the death of Lenin broke out power struggle. Stalin winner emerges, which gets rid of his enemies, including Trotsky, concentrates all power in his hands and began a terrible dictatorship, based on the cult of personality.
2.7 The parallelism of these phases with those of the French Revolution of 1789 is clear, but you should not give overly literal value. Processes in France unwrapped an incomparably more rapid pace, for example, the revolt of the privileged is located two years before the outbreak of revolution, in Russia's discontent begins with aristocracy liberation of the serfs, half a century before 1917 .
The social impact is incomparably more intense in Russia, since the ownership change, which does not happen in France. For this reason it was considered the revolution of 1917 as economic and social (change in the structure of society and property) and the 1789 as a policy (change in power).
But the comparison of the two events, born one of the political crisis of the eighteenth century Enlightenment, and other social tensions of the industrial civilization of the nineteenth century, you can deduct that revolutions arise in a particular crisis situation and develop through a series successive phases.
3. CIVIL WAR AND SOVIET STATE BUILDING
The first revolutionary government ("Council of People's Commissars) took major steps: expropriation of large land holdings of the nobility, which came into peasants' councils, and control factories by the workers. Lenin made peace with Germany (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918), which resulted in large territorial losses for Russia.
These measures raised a growing opposition to the Bolsheviks by various political groups and began a civil war (1919-1921). In this war, the Red Army led by Trotsky, defeated the White Army (counter), supported by France and Britain.
After the war, Russia was ruined. In this situation Lenin had to postpone their projects socialization. For several years, allowed economic liberalization in Russia: the New Economic Policy (NEP).
In 1922, the new Russian state was renamed Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), and adopted a federal structure.
the death of Lenin (1924) began a struggle for power, led by Trotsky and Stalin. Both embodied two opposing ways of revolutionary strategy.
Since 1927, Stalin took control of the situation by establishing a hard dictatorship. Under his leadership, undertook ambitious projects of economic and social five-year plans. Its two main objectives were to industrialize the USSR and socialize its economy.
Based on enormous efforts of the population, the Soviet Union achieved an impressive transformation. On the eve of World War II was already a major industrial power. Glossary
1. Servidurmbre: Work in perpetuity without any salary or wage. Characteristic of the peasant subject to a landowner.
2. Zar: absolutist, autocratic ruler of the Russian Empire.
3. Communist system: According to Marxism, classless society.
4. Mensheviks, Social Revolutionaries moderate Democrats.
5. Bolsheviks: Revolutionary radicals or communists.
6. Dictatorship authoritarian government.
7. Five Year Plans: economic programs for rapid industrialization in Russia.
QUESTIONS 1. The Russian Revolution of February 1917 was led by:
A) Kamenev B) Trotsky
C) Kerensky D) Stalin
E) Khrushchev
2. The Russian Revolution (1917) broke out when it was in Czarist Empire:
A) The Russo - Japanese
B) The Crimean War
C) The First World War
D) World War II
E) War between communist White Russians and
3. Who were the peasant in pre-Soviet Russia?
A) Noble landowners
B)
serfs
C) agricultural capitalists
D) Nobility boy burn
E) Cossack provinces
4. The largest landowners in Czarist Russia were:
A) Kulaks
B) Zemtvos
C)
Soviets
D) Boyar
E) muzhiks
5. Governing Tsarist Russia at the outbreak of the 1st World War and the Revolution of 1917:
A) Alexander
B) Alexander II
C) Nicolas II
D) Prince Lvov
E) muzhiks
6 . Much of the industry and Russian banks, before the Soviet revolution, was in power:
A) Capital Russian
B) Capital Belgian
C) Capital Anglo-French
D) Capital E
German) American Capital
7. Russian parliament called by Nicholas II for reform.
A) Diet
B) Cuts
C) Congress
D) Duma
E)
Soviets
8. What were the Soviets organized in the context of the Russian Revolution?
A) Assembly and boyars mujiks
B) Trade with anarchist ideology
C) Cells of the Bolshevik party
D) Assembly of peasants, workers and soldiers
E) Political Parties Popular
9. Wrote the "April Theses" and was leader of the Bolsheviks (Communists).
A) Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov
B) Laurenti Beria
C) Davidovich Bronstein
D) Joseph Stalin
E) Sergei Kamenev
10. System of government established by the Bolsheviks after taking power in October 1917
A) Liberal Democracy
B) Constitutional Monarchy
C) Dictatorship of the Proletariat
D) Communism
E) Parliamentarism
11. Economic program established by the Bolshevik government to recover the economy after the Civil War (1918 - 1922)
A)
War Communism
B) Five Year Plans
C) Plans
Cuatrinealeles
D) New Economic Program
E ) Great Leap Forward
12. What were the kolkhoz created during the rule of Stalin in the USSR?
A) farms in the USSR
B)
C Farms
capitalists) agricultural cooperatives
D) Rural communities
E)
feudal estates
13. Business group harmed during the application of Stalin's Five Year Plans
A) Boyar
B) muzhiks
C) Workers
D) Kulaks
E) Peasants
14. Main objective of the Five Year Plans Stalin's Soviet government.
A) develop light industry.
B) Construction of roads
C) develop heavy industry
D) To promote the mining work
E) build state farms
15. Possible successor to Lenin in the USSR. According to his political testament:
A) Joseph Stalin
B) Serguei Kaganovich
C) Leon Trotsky
D) Nikita Krusclev
E) Leonid Brezhvev
16. Alexander Kerensky, leader of the Russian Revolution of February 1917, was political tendency: A) Anarchist
B) Social
C) Communist
D) Agrarista
E) Fascist
17. State farms or sovkhoz were created in the USSR during:
A) the implementation of the New Economic Policy
B) the Great Patriotic War
C) five-year plans
D) the period of War Communism
E) the Russian Civil War
18. The February Revolution of 1917 failed because:
A) the failure of War Communism
B) lack of five-year plans
C) the opposition of the Duma
D) the continuation of Russia's First World War
E) the outbreak of World War II
19. What was the role of the kulaks during the rule of Stalin?
A) They opposed the collectivization of agriculture
B) were the military regime
C) financed the recovery of agriculture
D) were agents of the NKVD
E) Opponents and allies of the "White Russians"
20. The largest republic of the USSR was:
A) Russia
B) Ukraine
C) Belarus
D) Latvia
E) Lithuania
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