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WHAT HAPPENS IN THE JCE?

By John TH
It seems that the power under the electoral law 275-97 to the Administrative Chamber of the Central Electoral Board is creating a situation of lawlessness that can not continue because of the amount of work yet ahead of elections May this year which would be elected the new president.
organizes elections, according to the law, the Administrative Chamber, which also manages the resources and making major decisions during the election process.
seems a contradiction, and it probably is, but the president of the JCE is more a figurehead than anything else. The fault, if one can speak of guilt is not the chairman of the House Administration, but lawmakers from the parties that it established in law.
All members of the Junta Central Electoral, the nine justices were chosen by the Senate. No one can claim ignorance of the law because even several had been members of the body including the president himself now full. Why pretend
then change the powers that legally the Administrative Chamber? Are the elections of recent years were not made under the protection of the law 275 of 1997? Pretender
ignore the mandates of the law within the JCE would be an absurdity, that society, including the recognized political parties, can not allow because it would be a blow to the institutions of their own JCE.
If a part of the judges of the JCE does not like the law, to prepare a new draft and submit to Congress the only body entitled to that. But nobody, absolutely nobody can act back to the law. The first to ensure that compliance with the law must be the judges, without exception. I can not imagine the president of the JCE, a man institutionalist, attached to the dictates of the law, conspiring against the country's legal system, or against anything.
Law 275-97 states that among its powers to recommend the Administrative Chamber in Parliament for appointment, all officers and employees of the JCE and its dependencies, and fix their remuneration.
"Set the time to be fulfilled in their own offices and those of their units.
The duties of the Administrative Chamber have all necessary measures to resolve any difficulties arising in the electoral process and issue, within the powers conferred by law, any instructions he deems necessary and / or convenient, to surround the suffrage of the best guarantees and provide the best facilities to all citizens for exercising their right to vote.
Similarly, "all arrangements concerning the acquisition, development and provision of equipment and printed materials and supplies of all kinds which are necessary for the implementation of this law and for the proper functioning of boards and polls. "
also "ensure that the electoral boards meet as often as necessary for the proper performance of its powers."
For the doubters, this Administrative Chamber has to "inspect, when deemed necessary or desirable on its own initiative or upon request, meetings and conventions concluded by the parties to elect their authorities and / or nominate candidates for elected office, endeavoring at all times that they are carried out in strict accordance with the stipulations of law, regulations and statutes, without which it will be void. "
The Management is obliged, in accordance with the law, taking place measures, in coordination with the relevant authorities with a view to the propaganda wall did not affect the environment, damage or injury or private property or buildings and public monuments.
Finally, this camera has to "manage and monitor administrative, technical and economically all meetings and election officials, according to the rules."
As can be seen, the Act 275 gives the JCE Administrative Chamber of almost all control económico del organismo, así como la organización y montaje de las elecciones congresuales, municipales y presidenciales. La ley es clara y no está sujeta a interpretaciones ni dudas. La ley es la ley. El juez que no la comparta debe renunciar.
Esta ley, que en sentido general no es mala, porque de alguna manera fue el resultado del estudio de otras legislaciones de América Latina, dice claramente cuales son las atribuciones de las demás instancias, a saber, del Pleno, de la Cámara Contenciosa y del presidente de la JCE. Para evitar celos y conflictos internos, el presidente de la Cámara Administrativa ha invitado a los demás jueces de otras instancias a participar con voz y hasta con voto, en las actividades que les son propias. Los dos seminarios con invitados internacionales que se realización recientemente fueron iniciados por el presidente de la JCE. El problema no creo que sea por celos, ni por el protagonismo del juez Roberto Rosario. Creo que el problema es económico y político; y que el juez Rosario no está dispuesto a transferir sus atribuciones, las que le otorga la ley. De todos modos, los jueces de la JCE tienen que armonizar, deponer sus intereses, de la naturaleza que fueren, y trabajar por y para el país, como debe ser. Para eso fueron escogidos.

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UNIT 5 .- GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. RELATIONS BETWEEN THE COURTS AND GENERAL ELGOBIERNO.

GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. RELATIONS BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT AND THE COURTS GENERAL.

1 .- GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION.

1.1 .- THE GOVERNMENT.

constitutes, with the Administration, the Executive. In our law, the designation of Government for the Council of Ministers with the President, can qualify in the top tier of all the hierarchical organization of executive power, with the Administration all levels ranging from Prime Minister down.

The English Constitution of December 27, 1978, (hereinafter EC) engaged in the treatment of Government Title IV, entitled "Government and the administration, which has been developed, with respect to the first (Government), by Law 50/1997 of 27 November, the Government (LG, hereinafter)

Strictly speaking, the Government is equivalent to Council of Ministers, and over the same Article 97 EC and Article 1 of the LG, show that the Government directs domestic and foreign policy, the Civil Administration and Military and defense of the State, exercising the executive function and authority regulations in accordance with the Constitution and laws.

The principles underlying its operation are three: the first presidential address, which gives the Prime Minister the power to determine the policy guidelines to be followed by the Government and each of the departments, the collegiality and several liability resulting from their members and the departmental principle that gives the holder of each department a wide autonomy and responsibility within their respective management.

1.1.1 .- STRUCTURE.

Under Article 1.2 ° LG, the Government shall consist of Chairman, Vice Chairman or, where appropriate, and the Ministers. As you can see, the LG closes them the composition of the government, without which, as might be inferred from Article 98.1 EC (to establish that the Government consists of the President, the Vice where appropriate, ministers and other members established by law), incorporate other elements to it.
To become a member of the Government is required to be English, of age, enjoy the rights to vote and to stand and not be disqualified from public office exercised by court order. Members of the Government may not perform representative functions other than their parliamentary mandate, nor any other public function not deriving from their office, or any professional or commercial activity (Article 14 LG), to be victims of application incompatibilities of senior members of the General State Administration (Law 5 / 2006, 10 April, to regulate conflicts of interests of members of Government and Senior Officers of the Central Government).
Finally, members of Government meet in the Council of Ministers and the Government Commission.


1.1.2 .- The President of the Government.

The President directs the action of the Government and coordinates the functions of other members of the same, without prejudice to the competence and direct responsibility in managing their (Articles 98.2 º EC and LG).

is for the Prime Minister:

a) Represent the Government.

b) Establish the Government's political program and determine the guidelines of the internal and external policies and ensure compliance.

c) To propose to the king, after deliberation by the Council of Ministers, the dissolution of Congress, the Senate or the Parliament.

d) Submit to the Congress of Deputies, after deliberation by the Council of Ministers, the issue of trust.

e) To propose to the King's call for a consultative referendum, with the authorization of the Congress of Deputies.

f) To direct the defense policy and practice in respect of the military functions under the legislation regulating the national defense and military organization.

g) Convene, chair and set the agenda for meetings of the Council of Ministers.

h) Endorse, as appropriate, the actions of King and submit, for approval, laws and other regulations with force of law.

i) lodge the constitutional complaint.

j) Create, modify and delete, by Royal Decree, the Ministerial Departments and the Secretaries of State.

k) To propose to the king the appointment and removal of the Vice-Ministers.

i) To resolve conflicts of authority that may arise between the different ministries.

m) To give instructions to other members of the Government.

n) exercise any other powers conferred by the Constitution and laws.


1.1.3 .- The Deputy Prime Minister.

Where there (there are facultative and not obligatory), the Vice President or Vice Presidents shall exercise their functions entrusted to them by the President. And the vice president to assume ownership of a ministerial department will hold, in addition, the rank of minister.
Today, on the basis of Royal Decree 554/2004 of 17 April on the Deputy Prime Minister, two of them: First Vice President and Second Vice President of the Government.
In the event of vacancy, absence or illness, will assume, in accordance with an order of priority, the functions of Prime Minister, being undertaken in the absence of such, by ministers, in order of precedence of the Departments (Article 13 LG).
The separation of the Vice (like that of the ministers without portfolio) will entail the extinction of these organs.

1.1.4 .- The Ministers.


As Ministers, Article 4 LG states that as owners of their departments, have jurisdiction and responsibility in the specific area of \u200b\u200btheir performance and their proper roles as

a) Develop action Government in the field of his Department.

b) to exercise regulatory power in matters within their Department.

c) exercise any other powers conferred on them by laws and any other provisions.

d) To endorse, as appropriate, the King's acts in matters within its competence.

addition to the ministers who hold a Department, there may be Ministers without Portfolio, who attributed the responsibility for certain governmental functions.

1.1.5 .- Council of Ministers.

Article 1 of the LG provides that the President, the Vice President or Vice-Ministers will meet in the Council of Ministers or in Government Commission.
regard to the Council of Ministers, Article 18 LG states that the Prime Minister convenes and chairs meetings of the Council of Ministers, acting as Secretary to the Minister of the Presidency.
Meetings of the Council of Ministers may have a policy or deliberative. The agenda of meetings of the Council of Ministers shall lay down by the Prime Minister.

Powers of the Council of Ministers.

Article 97 of the EC provides two primary functions of government: the general political direction of the community and the regulatory function.

For its part, based on Article 5 LG, in the we note the following general powers of the Council of Ministers as a body of government:

1) Approve the bills and referral to the Congress of Deputies or, if the Senate.

2) Approve the Draft Law on State Budget.


3) Approve the Royal Decree-Laws and the Royal Legislative Decrees.

4) Agree to negotiate and conclude international treaties, and its provisional application.

5) Send the international treaties to Parliament.

6) declare states of emergency and alarm and to propose to the Congress statement the state of siege.

7) Provide for the issuance of public debt or getting credit, when authorized by a Law

8) approve the regulations for the development and implementation of laws, after consulting the State Council and other regulations that apply.

9) Create, modify and remove the bodies of the ministerial departments.

10) Adopt programs, plans and guidelines binding on all organs of the General State Administration.

11) exercise any other powers conferred by the Constitution, laws and any other provision.

also incumbent:

1) Powers from the exercise of regulatory power.

2) Establish and abolish the Government Commission.


3) authorize transactions on the rights of Finance.

4) Determine the limit of the currency in circulation and to take any significant steps to advise the country's economic situation.

5) To determine appeals against the Council of Ministers.

6) Authorize the procurement of works, services and supplies.


During meetings whose deliberations are secret, may attend Secretaries of State when called.

Regarding the Government's legislative initiative, shall mark in the terms of Articles 87 and 88 of the EC, through the development, approval and subsequent submission of bills to the Congress of Deputies or, where appropriate, the Senate. 1.1.6 .-


Government Commission.
LG
Article 6 provides that the Council of Ministers, a proposal by the Prime Minister, decide, by royal decree, creation, modification and deletion of the Government Commission and the delegation to these specific functions that . The Presidency the same for the Prime Minister, may delegate to the Vice-President, either Vice President, there is more than one, or a Minister, on the order of precedence of the ministerial departments.

The Royal Decree of creation of an Executive Committee shall specify, in any case:
a) A member of the Government to assume the presidency of the Commission.

b) Members of the Government and, where appropriate, the Secretaries of State within it.

c) The functions assigned to the Commission.

d) Any member of the Commission which is responsible for the Secretariat itself.

may be summoned to meetings, which discussions also are secret, the holders of those upper bodies and heads of the Central Government as deemed fit.

Currently, the following Government Commission:

a) Government's Standing Committee for Crisis Situations.
b) the Government Commission for Economic Affairs.
c) the Government Commission for Regional Policy.

As collegiate bodies of government, it belongs:

a) examine general issues relevant to various ministerial departments on the Committee.

b) Study those issues, affecting several ministries, require development of a joint proposal prior to its resolution by the Council of Ministers.

c) Resolve issues that affect more than a ministry, not required to be elevated to Cabinet.

d) Perform any other functions assigned to them by law or delegated to them by the Council of Ministers. 1.1.7 .-


BODIES OF COLLABORATION AND SUPPORT OF GOVERNMENT.

are regulated in Articles 7 to 10 LG

1.1.7.1 .- The Secretaries of State.

are higher organs of the State Administration directly responsible the implementation of the Government's action in a specific sector of activity of a Department or the Prime Minister. Are appointed and dismissed by Royal Decree of the Council of Ministers, a proposal of the Prime Minister or member of the Government to whose department they belong (Article 15 LG.).

1.1.7.2 .- General Committee of Secretaries of State and
Secretaries.

As a body of study and preparation of the matters submitted for deliberation by the Council of Ministers regulating the General Committee of State Secretaries and Deputy Secretaries, to be composed of the heads of the Departments of State and the Secretaries of different Ministerial departments.


The Presidency of the General Committee of State Secretaries and Deputy Secretaries corresponds to a Deputy Prime Minister or, failing that, the Minister of the Presidency (Article 8 LG). At present, under Royal Decree 554/2004 of 17 April on the Deputy Prime Minister, the chairmanship of this Commission holds the Deputy Prime Minister.

For its part, Royal Decree 1194/2004 of 14 May, attributes its secretariat to the Assistant Secretary of the Presidency and noted that the Secretary General for Public Administration attend this Committee when matters within their purview. His

have a preparatory meeting for meetings of the Council of Ministers, having considered them all matters to be submitted for approval of this (except those determined by the performance standards of the manufacturer), and in no case can take decisions or agreements of the Government delegation.

1.1.7.3 .- The Secretariat of Government.

As a body of support from the Council of Ministers of the Government Commission and the General Committee of State Secretaries and Deputy Secretaries, shall perform the following functions:

1) Assistance to the Minister-Secretary of the Council of Ministers (the Minister of the Presidency).

2) The referral of calls to various members of collegial bodies mentioned above.

3) Collaboration with the Technical Secretariat of the Government Commission.

4) The filing and custody of the calls, agendas and minutes of meetings.

5) Ensure proper and accurate publication of the regulations and rules issued by the Government to be inserted in the Official Gazette.

The Government Secretariat is integrated into the structure of the Ministry of the Presidency. 1.1.7.4 .-


Cabinets.

bodies are political and technical support of the President Government, Vice-Presidents, Ministers and Secretaries of State, performing duties of trust members and ad hoc advice, but in any case to take actions or decisions that legally correspond to the organs of the General Administration of State or organizations attached to it. Particularly
lend their support in the development of his political work in the performance of tasks of an MP and in its relations with institutions and administrative organization.

1.1.8 .- The Government in office.
1.1.8.1 .- Appointment of the members of the Government.

appointment into account, we must distinguish between the Prime Minister and the other members.

on the appointment of the Prime Minister, Article 12 of the LG states that "the appointment and dismissal of the Prime Minister will be in the terms provided in the Constitution. Specifically, Articles 99 and 101 EC provide the following phases:

a) Proposal of the candidate.

After each renewal of the Congress of Deputies, and other constitutional cases where applicable, the King shall, after consultation with representatives designated by the political groups represented in parliament and through the President of Congress, nominate a candidate Prime Minister.

b) Exposure of the political agenda.

The nominee shall submit to the Congress of Deputies on the Government's political program that aims to educate and seek the confidence of the House.


c) Granting of confidence.

If Congress of Deputies by the vote of an absolute majority of its members, grants its confidence to the candidate, the King shall appoint him President. Not achieved such a majority, will be submitted the same proposal to vote forty-eight hours after the previous one, and trust will be deemed granted if it secures a simple majority.


d) If no declaration of trust.

If, after this vote, has not been obtained confidence for the investiture, successive proposals shall be handled in the manner provided in the preceding paragraphs.

If within two months after the first investiture vote, no candidate has obtained the confidence of Congress, the King shall dissolve Congress and call new elections with the endorsement of the President of Congress.

For other government members shall be appointed and dismissed by the King at the proposal of its President, under Article 100 EC and Article 12 of the LG

1.1.8.2 Removal of members .- the Government.

As for retirement, LG Article 21 provides that the Government shall resign after the general elections, in cases of loss of parliamentary confidence under the Constitution, or by resignation or death of the President. The outgoing Government shall continue in office until the inauguration of the new government.

The Government will provide the normal functions of the process of forming the new government and devolution of powers to it and limit its activities to release regular public affairs, refraining from adopting, unless duly authorized emergency in the interest of expressed general for accreditation so warrant, any other measures.

Specifically, the Acting Prime Minister can not exercise the following powers:

a) propose to the King the dissolution of either House, or Parliament.

b) raise the question of trust.

c) To propose to the King's call for a consultative referendum.

Meanwhile, the caretaker government can not exercise the following powers:

a) approve the Draft Law on State Budget.

b) To submit draft laws to the Congress of Deputies or, where appropriate, to the Senate.

Finally, the legislative delegations granted by Parliament shall be suspended during the time that the Government is in office following the general elections.

1.1.9 .- THE CONTROL OF ACTS AND THE LIABILITY OF THE GOVERNMENT.

Under Article 26 of the LG, the Government is subject to the Constitution and other legislation in all its actions. All acts and omissions of the Government are subject to political control of Parliament. The acts of the Government and the bodies and regulatory authorities in this Act are to challenge before the administrative court in accordance with the provisions of the Act ". Government action is challenged before the Constitutional Court in terms of the Organic Law governing the same.

addition to political accountability, the Government may incur criminal and civil liability subsidiary. The criminal responsibility of the President and other members of the Government shall be payable, if any, before the Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Court.


1.2 .- THE ADMINISTRATION.

Management is integrated with the Government in the executive branch.
She specifically referred to Articles 103 to 106 CE, developed at length by the Law 30/1992 of 26 November on the Legal System Public Administrations and Common Administrative Procedure (CAP LRJAP and thereafter), profoundly modified by Law 4 / 1999 of 13 January.

Article 103 of the EC refers to it, understood in a general sense, stating:

1) The Public Administration objectively serves the general interests and act in accordance with the principles of efficiency, hierarchy, decentralization , deconcentration and coordination, with complete submission to the law and the law.
2) The organs of the State Administration are set up, directed and coordinated in accordance with the law
3) The law shall regulate the Staff Regulations Public access to the Civil Service in accordance with the principles of merit and ability, the peculiarities of the exercise of their right to organize, the system of incompatibilities and the guarantees regarding impartiality in the exercise of their functions.

The Security Forces, under the direct dependence of the Government shall have the duty to protect the free exercise of the rights and freedoms and ensure public safety.

Article 105 EC provides that the law shall regulate:

a) The hearing of citizens, directly or through organizations and associations recognized by law in the process of implementing the provisions administrative affecting them.
b) The access of citizens to administrative files and records, except in matters affecting the security and defense of the state, the investigation of crimes and the privacy of individuals.
c) The procedure by which administrative acts must occur, ensuring, where appropriate, heard.

As to the responsibility of government, individuals, under the terms established by law, shall be entitled to compensation for any harm they suffer in any of their property and rights except in cases of force majeure, provided that harm is the result of the operation of public services.
The Courts control the regulatory power and the legality of administrative action and the latter is subordinated to the purposes that justify it.

The supreme consultative body of government is the Council of State, regulated by Law 3 / 1980 of 22 April.

2 .- GOVERNMENT RELATIONS WITH THE COURTS GENERAL.

A government relations with Parliament in Title V of the EC, which comprises Articles 108 to 116. 2.1 .-


political responsibility of government.

Article 108 provides that the Government is jointly accountable in their management policy in the Congress of Deputies. 2.2 .- Interpellations

, questions and hearing the government.

The Houses and their Committees may, through the Speaker, the information and help they need from the Government and its departments and any officials of the State and the Autonomous Communities.

The Houses and their Committees may summon members of the Government and the Government members have access to the meetings of the Houses and their Committees and to be heard in them, and may request to report to the these officials from their Departments.

The Government and each of its members are subject to the challenges and questions asked in the Houses.

2.3 .- Question of trust.

Article 112 provides that the Prime Minister, after deliberation by the Council of Ministers, may ask the Congress for a vote of confidence on his program or general policy statement. The trust will be deemed granted when you vote in favor of a single majority of Deputies.

Under Article 114.1 EC No, if the Congress withholds its confidence from the Government, it shall submit its resignation to the King, then proceeding to the nomination of Prime Minister, as provided Article 99 EC 2.4 .-

Motion of censure.

is regulated in Article 113 EC, under which the House of Representatives may require political responsibility from the government by adopting an absolute majority of the censure motion.

The motion of censure shall be proposed by at least one tenth of Deputies, and shall include a candidate for the Presidency of the Government.

The censure motion shall not be voted until five days after its submission. In the first two days of this period may be filed alternative motions. If the motion of censure is not approved by the Congress, its signatories shall not submit another during the same session.

If Congress adopts a motion of censure, the Government will submit his resignation to King, and the candidate included in it is deemed to have the confidence of the House and the King shall appoint the Chairman.

2.5 .- Dissolution of Parliament.

Article 115 EC provides that the Prime Minister, after deliberation by the Council of Ministers, and under its sole responsibility, may propose the dissolution of Congress, Senate or the Parliament, which shall be proclaimed by the King. The decree of dissolution shall set the election date.

The proposed solution may not occur when the process of a motion of censure.

not proceed further dissolution until a year has elapsed since the previous. 2.6 .-

States of abnormality in the constitutional life.

They referred to in Article 116 of the EC to provide that an organic law shall regulate the states of alert, emergency and siege. This is the Organic Law 4 / 1981 of June 1, states of alert, emergency and location.

The alarm is declared by the Government by decree agreed in Council of Ministers within fifteen days, informing the Congress Deputies meet immediately, and without whose consent shall not be extended that deadline. The decree indicates the territory to extend the effects of the declaration.

The Government may declare this state, in whole or in part of the country, whenever any of the following serious alterations of normality:

a) disasters, calamities or public calamities such as earthquakes, floods, fires, urban and forest or major accidents.

b) health crises such as epidemics and severe pollution situations.

c) cessation of special utility community.

d) situations of shortage of staples.

Following the declaration of this state of alarm, among other measures may be imposed extraordinary services to officials, officers and members of the regional police forces and local temporary requisition practice all kinds of goods and impose compulsory personal services; intervene and temporarily occupy industries, factories, shops, farms or premises of any nature, except private homes, limit or ration the use of services or consumption of staples, etc..

The state of emergency is declared by the Government by decree agreed in Council of Ministers, with the authorization of the Congress of Deputies. The authorization and proclamation of a state of emergency must specifically state the effects thereof, the territory to which extends the duration, not exceeding thirty days, renewable for another period, with the same requirements.

This state can be declared when the free exercise of the rights and freedoms of citizens, the normal functioning of democratic institutions, the public services essential to the community, or any other aspect of public policy, should be so severely altered that the exercise of the powers ordinary is insufficient to restore and maintain.

And during its term may derogate from certain fundamental rights.

The state of siege is declared by the absolute majority of the House of Representatives a proposal solely on the Government. Congress shall determine its territorial scope, duration and conditions.

This condition is declared when there is or threatens to cause an insurrection or act of force against the sovereignty or independence from Spain, its territorial integrity and constitutional order, which can not be solved by other means, allowing the suspension of certain fundamental rights and the adoption of measures planned for the state of alarm.

Under the contract, the Government, which directs the military and defense policy, assume all of the special powers provided for herein and in the Organic Law 4 / 1981, designating the military authority, under his direction, to be executed appropriate measures in the territory to which the state of covers, and remaining civil authorities in the exercise of the powers were not conferred upon the military authorities. Moreover

shall not proceed with the dissolution of Congress while any of these states, the Chambers being automatically convoked if they are not in session session. Its operation, as well as the other constitutional powers of the state, not be interrupted for the duration of these states. Dissolved

Congress or the expiry of their mandate, if there were any situations that give rise to any of these states, the powers of Congress shall be assumed by its Permanent Deputation.

The declaration of a state of alert, emergency and siege shall not affect the principle of responsibility of the Government and its agents recognized in the Constitution and the laws.

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ISSUE Diego de Almagro.

The conquest of Chile was a direct result of English settlement in Peru, which has become a dynamic center of expansion.
problems arising between Francisco Pizarro, conqueror of the Inca Empire, and Diego de Almagro, his partner drove him to conquer the South, accompanied by at least helped in the conquest of Peru.
About ten thousand men, most Indian allies, about four hundred English and blacks formed the expedition that departed from Cuzco in July 1535. The path followed was that of the Altiplano, the Cordillera de los Andes and down into the valley of Copiapo through the passage of San Francisco. It was a long and painful journey, which claimed many lives and caused great material losses.
Finally, the survivors made their headquarters in the Aconcagua Valley. From that point, several expeditions went to visit the territory. One of them, near the river Itata, confronted for the first time with in the Arauca Reinohuelén combat.
Soon, the lack of gold in the desired quantities and the presence of indigenous bellicose and difficult to subdue, became the main and most immediate causes of the disappointment these English.
It was determined to return to Peru, through the coastal desert. In the early months of 1537 the army reached the outskirts of the city of Cuzco.
The opposition between the sides of Pizarro and Almagro was accentuated by his return. After the battle of Las Salinas (April 1538), the failed conqueror of Chile was executed by his enemies.

EXPEDITION OF PEDRO DE VALDIVIA.

After the defeat of Almagro and the sad memories left by his foray south of the Inca Empire, it was surprising the request made by Pedro de Valdivia in order to be allowed to conquer the territory of Chile.
Valdivia was a prestigious military held the rank of Maestre de Campo. In Peru had achieved a good financial position and merit earned him the respect of his superiors. It combines the cluster of motivations that characterized, in one way or another, the English conquistador. Valdivia wanted, above all, cover of fame and glory. This was one of the main reasons that led your company.
In some months, he obtained the necessary funding and organized a small expedition, consisting only of ten men and a woman, Ines Suarez.
The route followed by Pedro de Valdivia was the Atacama Desert up Mapocho reach the valley. The goodness of the land and climate, coupled with the indignant population abundance, urged him to stay.
Thus, the February 12, 1541 ordered the founding of Santiago. The city was laid with center Plaza de Armas, surrounded by lots that housed the English population.
Less than a month later he was a council, a former English body responsible for the administration of justice and to perform functions edilicias. This council is mandated to appoint himself governor of Chile at Valdivia.

Soon the city was designed as the core of the defense, administrative and ecclesiastical. Apart the urban sector, Santiago comprised the vast tracts of surrounding land. His conquerors, therefore, could receive various rewards: a lot, a farm, a ranch or a farm. The distribution of land was called land grant. Was granted on the basis of merit and services was a graceful and perpetual benefit.
However, in September 1541 a surprise attack led by Michimalonco Indians left in ruins the booming city. Only the aid sent by Peru made it possible to save the situation and continue the process of conquest: in 1544 he founded the city of La Serena in 1550, Concepción, in 1541, La Imperial, Valdivia and Villarrica in 1552, Angola, in 1553. Another way of progress constituted the foundation of strong, such as Copiapo (1545), Arauco and Puren (1553), in the most troubled areas. From 1553
and decreased the rate of foundations, following the tragic death of Tucapel Valdivia at the hands of men of Lautaro. But also, the fact had serious consequences in the politico-administrative level, it gave rise to strong rivalries among the candidates for the office of governor vacant. The conflict could only be solved by sending the Governor Don Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza, son of the viceroy of Peru, who arrived with a large number of soldiers and equipment in 1557.

After the government of García Hurtado de Mendoza begin to weaken the characteristics of the conquest, such as subsistence agriculture, building of cities accelerated advance towards the south, an economy mainly based on exploitation mining of placer gold the subjugation of indigenous labor ENCOMIENDA system.
The ENCOMIENDA corresponded to an indigenous group in the service of a English under the charge of protecting them and evangelize them, calling them a tribute in work or species. Prevailed in Chile determined by personal service SANTILLAN RATE (set of rules to regulate the employment of indigenous people)
These characteristics appear more debilitated conquest in 1580, when the infant begins wheat exports to Peru.
But the fact that finally concluded the process of conquest was called Cural DISASTER 1598, which restricts the English occupation of the northern border of the Bío-Bío.
As a result of this, it lost more than 80% of gold can be exploited by the washing of the south, and quite exhausted, as well as decreases in a large proportion of indigenous labor, which becomes "rebellious and loaded. "

Thus, the seventeenth century comes to be a direct result of the changes arising after the lifting of Curalaba.
In economic terms, the cessation of gold work activity directed towards agricultural work, while the English population was concentrated in the central area in farms and ranches that began to gain increasing economic value.
work in relation to taxation, as noted above, the uprising meant the virtual disappearance of parcels by decreasing the Indian labor.

ARAUCO WAR. The

Chileans clash between the indigenous and the English conqueror was verified through two stages or strategies:

a) an offensive war, which consisted of a rapidly advancing towards the strongholds English Indians to conquer and incorporate new territories. This system brought profits to the soldiers for prisoners sold as slaves, encouraging them in their practice. For its development, established a professional army, maintained with money sent from Peru (Real Situated).
b) defensive war, was proposed by the Jesuit Luis de Valdivia and approved in the early seventeenth century. Was to leave the Indians at liberty action south of the Bío-Bío, keeping this limit as a boundary, which could only be transferred by missionaries commissioned to preach religion.
However, the outbreak of the attacks - by the English or the Indians, together with the ambition of soldiers to capture slaves, caused the return of offensive war, which lasted up. The pursuit of the Indians was compounded when, in 1608, slavery was formally declared.
From the eighteenth century tried a new formula of coexistence: the system of Parliament. This system consisted of meetings between the English authorities and indigenous representatives, in which promised peace and friendship. However, such promises were quickly broken by either side.
Thus, the Arauco War lasted more than three hundred years, undermining political stability and economic growth slowing over the colony.

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POWER PROMISES NOT GIVE

Por JUAN TH
A nadie le regalan el poder.
Para alcanzar el poder hay que enfrentar a las fuerzas supporting it.
When power comes through a revolution, violent and cruel that bar with the political, economic and social legislation to impose other, you can get through elections that allow the indefinite continuation of the economic system through the alternation in government. Change the name of the party or the president, but nothing more. There are other ways to get the power also known as the coup, the assassination, chaos, indefinite strikes, etc.
But no one has given for his good looks or because they have plenty of money, power.
are mistaken who think that the doctor gave him the power Balaguer Dr. Leonel Fernandez in 2000. It was an alliance of the reactionary and racist to prevent the rise of the doctor José Francisco Peña Gómez.
Political parties have as a goal, reach the government, directing the destiny of a country during a time determined by the joints. The continuity is at the root of every game. At a party ruled Mexico for over 70 years. The communist parties have no alternation in his philosophy. The Communists have the thesis of the single party, do not believe in elections. The Chinese Communist Party in power since 1949 when the triumph of the revolution in Russia the Communist Party was in power from 1917 until the collapse of 80's when perestroika was cursed. Fidel Castro is in power since the triumph of the revolution in 1959. The president of Venezuela, Hugo Chavez does not want anyone to leave power. The Democratic and Republican in the U.S., not ever want to leave White House.
Nobody wants to leave the government. Nobody wants to leave power.
in our country is not otherwise. Trujillo remained in command
over 30 years. If it is not killed until they die of old. Others before him and after him did the same, with the same methods or with others, but looking to stay in power. Only the power of the people, their struggle, brought to Balaguer's power in 1978.
If the PRD wants power now in 2008, which comes out to fetch, fight with all their force to remove
President Fernandez had no intention of allowing
that nobody, not even his own party colleagues, he removed the power.
President Fernandez will not leave without resistance from the National Palace. In 2000
presidential candidate Danilo Medina PLD was. And we all know he did the impossible for your partner, friend and brother did not win the election, because if the won lost political leadership inside and outside the party.
President Fernandez and launched into the adventure of re-election. Is holding power tooth and nail as the principal officials are also looking to stay in power.
Those who are relying on the electoral defeat of President Fernández
because he has not done anything in three years, they are dreaming. It is possible that the May 17, a day after the election, defeated awake, his hands on his head, crying like kids who could not defend like men and women.
Those who advocate keeping a low profile, a passive attitude toward
president of the Republic, who advised not to fight, stay off the streets, not to discuss out loud, or harsh criticism
do, those who speak of a campaign "civilized" are wrong.
Let us be clear: we want or do not want power, we are willing or not willing to jeopardize the skin if necessary after the pursuit of power. An opposition "Light" during the election campaign in the final stretch, against a good candidate, as is the President Fernández, unscrupulous and extremely ambitious, with 20 billion dollars of surplus discretionary management, is nonsense, an absurdity that can only cause those who do not want power.
remember what did President Fernandez during the congressional and municipal elections, which went from village to village, field by field, to buy leaders of the opposition. He spent more than five billion pesos of the national budget to "win" the Congress approves it sends everything.
So did against Danilo Medina in the internal struggle for the presidential nomination
few months ago. What will not this time against the PRD and Miguel Vargas? Do you think it will stay idle waiting for the PRD will remove the power that takes away the sappy, stick it down? No way!
The Socialist International meeting in Geneva, Switzerland, should be exploited to terminate the state of poverty that is engulfing the Dominican people as President Fernández purchase aircraft, while corruption is increasing day our daily bread. The PRD had to report to many important figures of international politics the lack of potable water, electricity, housing, public safety, etc. Global warming is an important issue though, but that must be addressed by the large countries. Our problem now is hunger and lack of education, health, housing and security.
The PRD needs to change course. You need to modify their campaign strategy if he really wants to return to power. President Fernandez has gone through three years of management if opposition. So his image has not deteriorated at the same level it has damaged the country. By far the PRD is responsible for failing to keep at the forefront of popular demands, such as fair and valid. I ask, not wanting to fuck, really the PRD wants power now? If the answer is yes, then it's time to change course.

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By JOHN TH
all remember that speech at a political rally closing campaign when then presidential candidate Leonel Fernandez asked the crowd, who raised the rice you, who you went up the oil , who raised the chicken you, etc..? To each question the people responded with a cry: "Hippolytus!"
"On top of that," said this man has the rum, the chutzpah, of wanting to re-elect. "
all remember, equally, the LDP candidate in 2004 criticized the loans even those with a priority on the grounds that "the country had exhausted its borrowing capacity," a government not only paid his debt, but not continue to take more money given to international organizations. In the same way that promised to curb government spending, limiting the state secretaries and deputy secretaries to what is strictly required by law. Vowed to increase investment in health and education, addressing crime and crime, drug trafficking and end government corruption to avoid strictly applying the laws and developing policies to avoid transparency grade to grade. All government purchases would be made through public tenders. Promised austerity promised priority projects, promised to fight poverty, promised progress, promised to send to jail the corrupt past and present, villas and castles promised, promised everything, abundant water, cheap electric power each day the 24 hours in a climate of peace and security, promised lower prices for basic necessities, promised to reduce taxes, promised to the people claimed.
I promised everything. But nothing has failed. President Fernandez has not met one, read it well, one of the many promises during the election campaign. On the contrary, did the opposite to what we promised to do.
Here are some figures of what has happened in these three years in office, Fernandez promised to create 500 000 jobs. But what has happened is that over 200 thousand citizens have lost their jobs with the collapse of free zone companies, dozens of hotels that have closed and sold, broken rice mills and other companies related to agriculture; reduction sales of all products including rum and beer. President Fernandez was sworn
favor public education. We all know that significantly reduced the investment in education, to the extent that we are an international embarrassment by the very low level of investment in education.
In the euphoria of the election campaign Leonel pledged to lower food prices. Central Bank admits that prices have risen more than 15 percent. I think it falls short: the oil has risen by 67%, 60% bottled water, the unit 150% avocado, garlic 163%, rice 49% selected the top 41% rice, white sugar 87%, 94% cream, eggplant 300%, 100% coffee, beef cerdo59%, onion by more than 120%, the 60% canned pigeon peas, carnation milk more than 50%, Parmalat evaporated milk over a 100%, Nest 32%, Milex 60%, 50% groundnut mayonnaise, bread, Littlest every day, 200%, 50% potato, cucumber 233% pound, the pike pica150% a canister, banana almost 100 percent, processed chicken about 15%, 75% white cheese, cheese Danish Michel 140% pound, 20-ounce soft drinks by about 60%, salami 100%, 200% salt, the soup that both use the 300% housewives, candles and oil lamps to 200%. There is no single product that has not gone up in price.
President Fernandez pledged to lower prices of propane gas. Has risen by more than 100% as to put a tax of 167 pesos to as a hundred pounds.
promised to lower the price of oil and has risen more than 50%. And does not stop. Vowed to lower the electricity tariff that has nevertheless risen by 70%. Similarly said would end the blackouts. Now we have two more hours of blackouts in August 2004. He promised not to take a penny given because the country had exhausted its borrowing capacity. Public debt has increased by more than six billion dollars in August 2004 to March this year. And every day more loans submitted Congress that the country mediocrity. Central Bank's debt is a ticking time bomb of 89 billion has risen to nearly 200 billion. But that's nothing, Fernandez promised no new taxes. But we imposed three fiscal reforms that will guarantee 100 billion dollars every year, 300 billion in these three years. He promised to lower the current expenditure and what has risen from 82 billion to 175 billion pesos. And the party continues. As one guard and a policeman earn four thousand dollars per month to protect lives and property, there are officials who earn up to a million pesos a month. Far from reducing the public payroll, which made uploading Leonel was 52%. That barbarian! The fuel prices have risen disproportionately. Dominicans pay over two dollars of tax per gallon of gasoline. That's not the devil holds.
As may be recalled, in November 2004, the president promised to fight crime and delinquency, which would be eradicated, which would not, since January 2005, three months later, would begin an ambitious plan to face these facts. The truth is that we are all victims of crime and criminality have increased by over 100%, no matter what they say the authorities, who have done more to prove their incompetence and social indifference.
As evidenced by the numbers, cold and serene, we are now worse than before. As evidenced by the facts, stubborn as they alone, President Leonel Fernandez has not played a single one of his campaign promises. "And yet, and that this man has the rum, the chutzpah, of wanting to re-elect!"

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DEPARTED WITHOUT HIPOLITO VICTORIA NO MONTHLY

By JUAN TH
The current leader of the Partido Revolucionario Dominicano, the boss, is former president Hipólito Mejía. This is recognized by its top leaders and most members and supporters of that party. Miguel Vargas Maldonado
would not have won the convention of the PRD, "much by little" to the current Unitary without the support of Hippolyte Mejía. In the current Unitary
were those who confronted the former president when he tried to re-election and later during the convention that elected party officials. Hipólito Mejía decided to support the engineer Ramon Alburquerque, not oppose him at the end of the 2004 season, but on the contrary, became an important ally accompanied in many of his travels throughout the country.
That same group is then confronts him in the primaries to choose the candidate for President of the Republic. More or less the same reasons, the former president is obliged to support the engineer Miguel Vargas Maldonado. On the home sector The Julia and the "Palacio de los Mangos in San Cristobal, marched almost the entire leadership of the PRD to see the former president on what attitude to adopt in the process would choose the candidate. For Hippolytus and the team that follows, the man was Miguel Vargas, who threw the dog up as many did after he left office.
political work was done without alarming anyone, not attracting much attention, asking nothing in return. Not even for his important positions during the campaign, much less for an eventual government led by Miguel Vargas PRD. Hipólito
gave him three crushing defeats to the group that formed in the current Unitary less than three years, proving to be the leader and head of the PRD.
Yet others have time to Vargas Maldonado advising him as the devil flee the former President Mejía Cruz, away from it and its people as much as possible, which does not meet in public or even in desserts The French, not to continue calling him "the man lies on cod."
The "advisors" of the court, plus some brought from Chile, Peru and elsewhere, say, anything with Hippolytus, anything that smacks of PPH.
is possible that these same consultants have been responsible for the local candidate's campaign symbols do not appear PRD. The "Jacho on" that both identifies the brand called PRD, the franchise, is relegated, like the figure of the historic leader José Francisco Peña Gómez.
Although many people hurt, but kicking and screaming, but die of envy, but they raise the bilirubin and Juan Luis Guerra, occurs without Hipólito Mejía, no leadership, no political force inside and outside the party, without experience of more than 40 years in electoral matters, without their knowledge, the PRD will not return to power.
always thought that the PRD should be president Hipolito Mejia for his leadership and his political and moral force. But cannibalism the party would not allow it. There was a conspiracy against Hippolytus, which still stands, since coming to power. Many of the ministers of his government and key leaders of the PRD conspired against his government and against their image, allied with the LDP, and powerful economic groups from a public platform.
Contrary to what he correctly assumed that the PLD Leonel Fernandez even when he left his first government discredited and over 80 percent of the population for it to be brought to justice for corruption in the PRD wanted to destroy his greatest asset was political and remains Hipólito Mejía, and joined the campaign against that ever could be a candidate for president. Many believed-and believe-that sink in a sea of \u200b\u200bHippolytus is discredit their salvation. Unaware that they have no salvation, his leadership-if they ever had or do-was or is on a payroll. Hipólito
Media, located on the ring in the old PRD candidate, is in his Palace of Mangoes watching developments. Every day they visit leaders and supporters, friends and relatives to question the prospects of the PRD and the candidate. All calls to join the campaign. Many say that all doors are closed. There is no way to integrate, to join. The party leadership is not the address of the candidate. There is a dichotomy to be resolved in the shortest possible time. An election campaign is a sum of wills. As I wrote last week, popular discontent does not necessarily translate into votes for the PRD and its presidential candidate.
close the doors to leaders of the PRD supporters and friends because they keep their political ties with former President Mejía is a result of the mediocrity folly of those who, as I said, never die of a stroke brain.
Hipólito Mejía, as leader and head of the PRD, as a former constitutional president of the Republic, as experienced political leader, as historical figure of the country, will do everything possible, everything in their power to ensure that PRD return to power.
Hipólito Mejía will do nothing, absolutely nothing, so that the PRD lost the election. Hipólito
is willing to sacrifice even for the PRD to power again.
The PRD can win elections by Hipolito Mejia for her work, for their commitment and dedication, for his leadership and experience, but never lose an election the PRD by Hipólito Mejía.

What Do Doctors Do With Stomach Polyps

By JUAN TH
The government spends 500 million dollars a month in advertising. That's a lot of money for a country which has more than 70 percent of its population in poverty, without access to education, health, electricity, water, shelter, etc.
We're talking about six billion dollars a year which is more than what some secretaries of state are important for national development. These
500 million a month, six billion a year spent on promoting the figure of the president to go after the re-election in the payment of "consulting" and "services" to certain journalists, advertising and propaganda .
Nearly a thousand journalists from across the country are now on the public payroll, which is unprecedented. Someone told me it was not fair to criticize the journalists who work in government. And it is true, should not be condemned nobody's job. On the contrary, work such as housing, health and education are rights. I do not criticize it, the work of any journalist, critic of government action to corrupt journalists, to buy public opinion, creating a current of public opinion based on lies, silence and self-censorship. That is reprehensible, it deserves at least ethical sanction, which had to create a scandal, what should be reported to international agencies.
The disproportionate raise the Accounts Chamber triggered a tsunami in the press that published daily criticism and condemnation for violating the government's austerity, but nothing happens when we hear officials who earn more than a million pesos a month, or 12 million pesos a year, without count the other "inputs" marginal as credit card expenses, gasoline, driver, security, air travel, per diem, etc.
No one is shocked by the expenses of the Office of the First Lady, nor unexpected trip from Guatemala to Santo Domingo to attend the graduation of one of their children as the alternative press that cost more than $ 30 000, ie more one million pesos.
The government corruption scandals come and go without anything happening, no one blushes, or do anything. The silence, which the government pays part of complicity.
People say that "the press is bought."
I'd say a good part of the press, or that a good part of the owners of large media receive government benefits or is subject to the interests of the government due to legal problems of some of the owners.
A radio station, for example, received in cash, two million dollars for the season finale of the President. That same season usually receives a million dollars for special programs made from the National Palace or from any other state institution, including some municipalities. Is not that a way to pay the silence, complacency and the "soft píchamela?
When the Central Electoral Board to regulate advertising speaks I think, not in an attempt to violate the right to information and dissemination of ideas, but that big government spending during the election campaign.
Virtually all advertising for the various public institutions disappeared from the media during the election campaign of PLD Danilo Medina where he was defeated by the State, as he said. The reason is simple: replacement of wedges.
The JCE whether it is empowered by law to regulate advertising and propaganda during the election campaign. And if it is not clear enough for some, as to submit a draft law regulating state publicity, and conviction that prevents the replacement of commercials, which prohibits the proselytizing of state resources through paid advertising with resources from the national budget.
President Fernandez is in full campaign, 24 hours a day, every day. Danilo Medina fences were removed, but the president still in the same places. Nobody will take them, no one dares or dare.
The press reported in the groups that "support" re-election, paid for with public funds, can be read every day.
The 500 million pesos a month that the government spends on advertising and advertising will rise to 600 or who knows how many millions. I can calculate that the government will invest in six or seven months of the election campaign about 3 billion pesos. So it sounds like: Three billion pesos. This amount does not include, of course, the money they raise and spend Party. We talked then, a brutal amount, incalculable, in promoting the candidacy official.
No opposition party, no candidate, even money you have or receive, can compete with the government, with this government.
And that's where it should intervene, as referee, as an entity independent moderator, the Junta Central Electoral if you really want to run a transparent process with equal conditions for all. That's why I agree with the regulation of advertising and propaganda of political parties and candidates for elections next year. For an electoral process is transparent, transparent, democratic, there must be equality. That is what guarantees universal free and transparent vote. If we let him free hand to the president is able to open the vault of the Central Bank and the Reserve Bank to ensure their reelection.

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500 MILLION CAN RETURN TO THE POWER PRD

By JUAN TH
The PRD is in the corridors of power again. But it seems not to know.
Without doing anything, just wait for things to happen, as they are happening, the PRD is in an enviable position on the party candidate that has failed again and has become a frustration for most Dominicans look forward May 16 of next year out of the National Palace.
The public discontent is growing. Millions of people, as good Christians, they hit in the chest apologizing for having voted purple and bring to power a group that has ruled for himself itself and for the rich.
material living conditions of the population have fallen sharply in the last three years due to unemployment, the high cost of living, taxes, high fuel prices, electricity rates, power outages, lack of drinking water, and insecurity. Not to mention corruption, arrogance of officials who have been so inept as their leader.
The increase in poverty, the deterioration of the middle class and the dissatisfaction of some sectors of the economy by fiscal policy caused, of course, unhappy.
People are not happy with the government. On the contrary, it abhors.
But that does not mean that people are willing to vote for the PRD. Let me explain: This discontent, this frustration is not necessarily synonymous with sympathy for the candidate of the PRD. A large proportion of voters are frustrated because the promises are not met, because governments rise and fall, but nothing changes, nothing happens. The economic changes do not occur. Some say that they will not vote for any party, that all are equal, they promise and promise, but since coming up to bat forget the poor and middle class. Many people are suspicious, some no longer believe in the democratic system. Abstention becomes the largest party in the country. Can not be otherwise. Dominicans han estado acudiendo a las urnas durante muchos años con la esperanza de que surja un gobierno auténticamente democrático, es decir, un gobierno para la gente, no para la cúpula de los partidos y de los grupos de poder que cada cuatro años asaltan el Estado. La gente rechaza a Leonel. Ya no cree en sus palabras ni en sus promesas. La gente está harta de sus mentiras y de sus poses demagógicas. No más mentiras, no más engaños. El presidente habla y la gente no lo escucha. Siempre dice lo mismo: Que todo está bien, que la economía crece, que es pa lante que vamos. Y otras cantinfladas.
Solo en la prensa, en la que ha comprado con más de seis mil millones de pesos al año en propaganda y publicidad, is increasing its popularity. Only in public funds paid surveys is that the president wins the election next May. These surveys were done by the same assurances that he would beat President Danilo Medina with more than 90 percent. And for 70 per cent had to invest hundreds of millions of pesos of the national budget to buy officials and many other pranks, otherwise the candidate would be Danilo.
The president can not win, but you can stay in power unless the PRD do what you must do not forget that Dr. Balaguer, who the president is at the bottom of the letter, he became an expert on election win by losing. Presidents do not
underestimated. And even less when they have resources, when they have a party structure, political and military. Fernandez underestimate the child would be a mistake.
To defeat the president, his party, its monetary resources, in press and speakers, must be well organized, must have a very clear policy, it should be a tactic and a well designed strategy. Not talking shit on a television or radio, is not disqualifying their own peers, not by creating a ring around the presidential candidate to prevent others will come to conquer power. Must be added wills, unite, not divide.
The so-called new PRD can not overcome all obstacles that are presented. Many "leaders" of the new PRD will never die of a stroke. The new PRD has to find the "PRD old" if you want to return to power.
The PRD has to be one. Neither new nor old. The PRD, with all his paintings, with all its leaders, for all its militancy, with all its supporters. The PRD can not discriminate. How is the new PRD rejects the old PRD have remained steadfast in his party, but proposes amnesty for traitors?
The PRD, as a single party, not as a federation of groups, each on his side can defeat the LDP. The candidate can not replace the party. Would bury the aspirations of government party. There can be no dichotomy between the party and candidate. The party, as a political organization that aims to take power, should be above all. He who does not understand and read the book of John Campmany, "The Effect ZP", a thousand days of the campaign to reach the Moncloa. PRD can return to power. Are taking all the objective conditions for this to happen. But you have to create the subjective conditions, which is essential in politics. Otherwise, Leonel is uploaded in the club at least four years.
The PRD has to hatch. You have to take the game to the street. The candidate has to go all over the country, village by village, house by house, corner by corner. You have to come up with concrete proposals, credible, has to earn the trust of the people to discontent and frustration from becoming popular vote intention. If that happens, the PRD, Miguel Vargas Maldonado of the head, will move back to the National Palace.