ISSUE Diego de Almagro.
The conquest of Chile was a direct result of English settlement in Peru, which has become a dynamic center of expansion.
problems arising between Francisco Pizarro, conqueror of the Inca Empire, and Diego de Almagro, his partner drove him to conquer the South, accompanied by at least helped in the conquest of Peru.
About ten thousand men, most Indian allies, about four hundred English and blacks formed the expedition that departed from Cuzco in July 1535. The path followed was that of the Altiplano, the Cordillera de los Andes and down into the valley of Copiapo through the passage of San Francisco. It was a long and painful journey, which claimed many lives and caused great material losses.
Finally, the survivors made their headquarters in the Aconcagua Valley. From that point, several expeditions went to visit the territory. One of them, near the river Itata, confronted for the first time with in the Arauca Reinohuelén combat.
Soon, the lack of gold in the desired quantities and the presence of indigenous bellicose and difficult to subdue, became the main and most immediate causes of the disappointment these English.
It was determined to return to Peru, through the coastal desert. In the early months of 1537 the army reached the outskirts of the city of Cuzco.
The opposition between the sides of Pizarro and Almagro was accentuated by his return. After the battle of Las Salinas (April 1538), the failed conqueror of Chile was executed by his enemies.
EXPEDITION OF PEDRO DE VALDIVIA.
After the defeat of Almagro and the sad memories left by his foray south of the Inca Empire, it was surprising the request made by Pedro de Valdivia in order to be allowed to conquer the territory of Chile.
Valdivia was a prestigious military held the rank of Maestre de Campo. In Peru had achieved a good financial position and merit earned him the respect of his superiors. It combines the cluster of motivations that characterized, in one way or another, the English conquistador. Valdivia wanted, above all, cover of fame and glory. This was one of the main reasons that led your company.
In some months, he obtained the necessary funding and organized a small expedition, consisting only of ten men and a woman, Ines Suarez.
The route followed by Pedro de Valdivia was the Atacama Desert up Mapocho reach the valley. The goodness of the land and climate, coupled with the indignant population abundance, urged him to stay.
Thus, the February 12, 1541 ordered the founding of Santiago. The city was laid with center Plaza de Armas, surrounded by lots that housed the English population.
Less than a month later he was a council, a former English body responsible for the administration of justice and to perform functions edilicias. This council is mandated to appoint himself governor of Chile at Valdivia.
Soon the city was designed as the core of the defense, administrative and ecclesiastical. Apart the urban sector, Santiago comprised the vast tracts of surrounding land. His conquerors, therefore, could receive various rewards: a lot, a farm, a ranch or a farm. The distribution of land was called land grant. Was granted on the basis of merit and services was a graceful and perpetual benefit.
However, in September 1541 a surprise attack led by Michimalonco Indians left in ruins the booming city. Only the aid sent by Peru made it possible to save the situation and continue the process of conquest: in 1544 he founded the city of La Serena in 1550, Concepción, in 1541, La Imperial, Valdivia and Villarrica in 1552, Angola, in 1553. Another way of progress constituted the foundation of strong, such as Copiapo (1545), Arauco and Puren (1553), in the most troubled areas. From 1553
and decreased the rate of foundations, following the tragic death of Tucapel Valdivia at the hands of men of Lautaro. But also, the fact had serious consequences in the politico-administrative level, it gave rise to strong rivalries among the candidates for the office of governor vacant. The conflict could only be solved by sending the Governor Don Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza, son of the viceroy of Peru, who arrived with a large number of soldiers and equipment in 1557.
After the government of García Hurtado de Mendoza begin to weaken the characteristics of the conquest, such as subsistence agriculture, building of cities accelerated advance towards the south, an economy mainly based on exploitation mining of placer gold the subjugation of indigenous labor ENCOMIENDA system.
The ENCOMIENDA corresponded to an indigenous group in the service of a English under the charge of protecting them and evangelize them, calling them a tribute in work or species. Prevailed in Chile determined by personal service SANTILLAN RATE (set of rules to regulate the employment of indigenous people)
These characteristics appear more debilitated conquest in 1580, when the infant begins wheat exports to Peru.
But the fact that finally concluded the process of conquest was called Cural DISASTER 1598, which restricts the English occupation of the northern border of the Bío-Bío.
As a result of this, it lost more than 80% of gold can be exploited by the washing of the south, and quite exhausted, as well as decreases in a large proportion of indigenous labor, which becomes "rebellious and loaded. "
Thus, the seventeenth century comes to be a direct result of the changes arising after the lifting of Curalaba.
In economic terms, the cessation of gold work activity directed towards agricultural work, while the English population was concentrated in the central area in farms and ranches that began to gain increasing economic value.
work in relation to taxation, as noted above, the uprising meant the virtual disappearance of parcels by decreasing the Indian labor.
ARAUCO WAR. The
Chileans clash between the indigenous and the English conqueror was verified through two stages or strategies:
a) an offensive war, which consisted of a rapidly advancing towards the strongholds English Indians to conquer and incorporate new territories. This system brought profits to the soldiers for prisoners sold as slaves, encouraging them in their practice. For its development, established a professional army, maintained with money sent from Peru (Real Situated).
b) defensive war, was proposed by the Jesuit Luis de Valdivia and approved in the early seventeenth century. Was to leave the Indians at liberty action south of the Bío-Bío, keeping this limit as a boundary, which could only be transferred by missionaries commissioned to preach religion.
However, the outbreak of the attacks - by the English or the Indians, together with the ambition of soldiers to capture slaves, caused the return of offensive war, which lasted up. The pursuit of the Indians was compounded when, in 1608, slavery was formally declared.
From the eighteenth century tried a new formula of coexistence: the system of Parliament. This system consisted of meetings between the English authorities and indigenous representatives, in which promised peace and friendship. However, such promises were quickly broken by either side.
Thus, the Arauco War lasted more than three hundred years, undermining political stability and economic growth slowing over the colony.
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