INCAS Native Cultures DE CHILE The land between the mountains and the sea, the southern desert and ice, was an area where the climate allowed the existence of a diverse flora and fauna, which were exploited by various groups of hunter-gatherers, reaching to modify the environment and survive in it. The bands of hunters continued south to Patagonia
, in search of food and land, each step leaving unmistakable evidence of having been there. These nomads soon found, either in fjords and archipelagos, the ideal place to start living in community.
The Indian in Chile, the English arrived. When Almagro finishing his disastrous journey and arrived at what is now Chile, had sets of nomadic bands in some regions, such as monkeys
, who traveled along the coasts of the north, Pehuenche
, in south central , and in the extreme south, the
onas (
selk 'nam
), the Yagan
(
Yamana ) and alacalufes
(
kaweshqar ). As more sedentary groups were the
diaguitas and
atacameños in the north, the Mapuche, in south central and cuncos
and
chonos between Chiloé
and the Beagle Channel
.
·
The Atacama : mysterious culture.
III
San Pedro Atacama or, as they called the English, is a culture of high intellectual level, its buildings
terraces and irrigation are examples of this. Subjected to a strong central authority and an increased population
constant, given the desire to gain more land for farming. Inca invasion, first Hispanic and then marked the end of a population that took the best of Tiahuanaco
influence. Their customs, religious beliefs and development, little is known, although they were known to the chroniclers.
· The
Diaguitas , of \u200b\u200bprobable trans-Andean, the
Diaguitas . These groups, like others before it, produced two types of pots: a rustic and other geometric figures painted in red, black and white, which were used only on ceremonial occasions. Their shapes were pots,
pucos , glasses and shoes jars and jugs characteristic ducks. At first, none of these pitchers are painted, they were used to cook food. Then the duck pot began to paint.
As farmers grew the same products that other people in the area: corn, teak, beans, etc. Hunting of birds, rodents and larger animals were also part of its power
. At first their houses were made of plant materials, but at its peak the villages were raised with stone walls and mud walls. Everyday utensils such as arrowheads, bolas
, scrapers, knives and mortars were made in stone. Fabricated copper and brass rings, bracelets, rings, clips and pins.
funeral rites. The graves were testimony to the belief in life after death. In the beginning, were simply large stones around the body.
In a transition period and were built excavated niches where the deceased was placed, which was covered by two sloping stone blocks. These real stone coffins, the Incas called them "
cists.
usually next to the corpse
of man, were tools and in some cases the wife of the dead which he was obliged to follow in their future life. Your organization
policy.
propose that the sociopolitical organization had a dual leadership. Each valley was divided into two parts: a coastal and other high, corresponding to the upper reaches of the rivers. Each sector was governed by a chief, who apparently had privileges and authority higher, but the most important issues were submitted to an assembly composed of all men in a position to bear arms. Its decline and disappearance
.
Although these groups had a lower cultural level of the great empires (Incas and Aztecs) were, on arrival of the English, a prerequisite to become a compact group. By 1450, these tribes
nortino had a surplus of production and its cities had a similar concept in his home town to Peru and Mexico. Missed only unifying force that
homogenized. The Incas could have been, but stopped the process and submitted according to the rule.
The population numbers. Before the Inca invasion is difficult to specify the number of inhabitants
diaguitas . It is clear from the environmental conditions that the population in general was poor. The writers and then the scholars have estimated that the figure could skirt the twenty-five thousand inhabitants in what is now
Copiapo and Choapa . The difficulty of finding
Valdivia Indians to accompany him on his expedition to the south supports this.
·
The Monkeys : Across the north coast, between Arica and
Coquimbo, lived in groups of fishermen, called monkeys
by the English. By 4000 BC the coastal creeks were crossed by bands thrived on marine products obtained from the fisheries and seafood
, leaving large accumulations
of middens, "men of
middens" or culture of the hook shell. The monkeys
sailing near the coast for fishing and hunting sea lions, using copper harpoons. As skilled sailors
their boats should have certain characteristics. These were made from two skins of seals, stitched with gut dry flames. The joints were caulked (covered) with impermeable substances, leaving each a small hole with a leather casing to inflate as needed. A well-proportioned table was installed in the middle, and completed the rowing boat paddle. The most important activities performed in them was the hunting and fishing. The monkeys
believed in an afterlife and so they buried their dead with their fishing and hunting tools, those who had
Serles useful in her new existence. This suggests that religious beliefs were deeply rooted.
·
The Picunches : Towards XI century
AD, could signal the emergence of an agro-pastoral economy, in the central valley. The problem of food
in this area was delayed, mainly
for collection activity, resulting from the dense vegetation and abundant water. Tribes quickly adapted to prevailing ecological environment. The best known was that of the
Picunche , Northmen, which in no way differed
their southern neighbors, the Mapuche. His territory extended from the river to
Choapa Itata. Socially
were divided into groups of about three hundred people. Chose a chief, with hereditary designation, ruled that an independent and autonomous from other groups. They had proprietary rights on the land they cultivated. However, forests and grazing lands were common, as are the daily work. However, on special occasions invited other groups to work the land, giving back
on food and beverages which culminated in a party. This system was known as the "mingaco." Tribes Picunche
differed from the north because they did not need a central authority to undertake
large buildings. These tribes, because of the resources at its disposal, had no demographic problem in the north. The family, consisting of a father with his wives and children with their spouses, could reach a number close to thirty people. The family structure was patriarchal and authority of the eldest son inherited.
were divided into two social groups. The first was the
lonko and shamans
which, however, did not have an organized leadership
mainly because the agricultural system did not impose the presence of a bureaucracy to direct the work of the group. The other sector was intended, but not subject to the mandate of the leaders, to work the land, hunting and fishing.
agriculture techniques. To meet the needs of irrigation for their land, dug canals, and with a sharp stick called coa
, planted the seeds. Grew corn, teak, pumpkins, peppers
, peanuts, all brought from the North, with the exception perhaps of the potato.
obtained cuy meat , guanacos and llamas. In addition to these, got their hair for spinning. Also exchanged seafood for meat with their neighbors on the coast, monkeys
.
culture. In the central area there was a
cultural homogeneity among the tribes. The dead buried under mounds, sleeving had carved stones
mainly used in agriculture. Small cavities carved stone blocks known as cups, mortars or whose function is still debated ceremonies. Their language was the Mapuche (
Mapudungu ) as well as that of its southern neighbors:
huilliche ,
Pehuenche and Mapuche.
Inca domination, it was easy and low resistance, being the
Picunche less warlike than huilliche
and Mapuche.
sociopolitical transformations suffered were not as radical as those of other peoples. Ruled, apparently, with the same local chiefs, converting part of the Inca nobility. The Incas moved, as usual, a group of settlers, the
mitimaes - to influence the conquered area, in a way, the people they came, which was reflected in the tombs with elements of civilization
Inca.
southern tribes.
There were large differences between bandasy
tribes, mainly because the rain forest opposed, as a great natural barrier to the development of cultural and commercial exchange.
not know when the tribes adopted farming. However, as a standardizing all had a common language and similar cultural elements, but with nuances. Of these groups, the most important are the Mapuche.
·
The Mapuche: (people of the land) occupied the area between the river and
Itata Toltén
. The English called Arauca, perhaps by a deformation
voice,
RAGC , water clay, which eventually
Alonso de Ercilla enshrined in La Araucana. Some scholars point to as its probable origin penetrated the pampas of Argentina and as a wedge between Picunche
(north) and huilliche
(south), becoming sedentary and taking root in the territory.
About the number of Mapuche had to
arrival of English conquerors the chronic Jeronimo de
Bibar and Valdivia
relationship, among other sources, tells us that in the Aconcagua Valley
had about twenty thousand inhabitants. Among the Mapocho
and Maule, about one hundred and twenty thousand, and between the river and
Itata Toltén
, there were more than three hundred thousand Indians. These figures, in short, suggest that the Mapuche population may well exceed four hundred and fifty thousand individuals in the mid XVI
.
physicist of the Mapuche is described as small in stature (1.60 meters long), but possessing great physical strength. His face has features similar to Asians, his hair is black and thick, hairless face. His shoulders are broad and robust.
The Mapuche
lay power consumption especially in a lot of vegetables. They cultivated corn, beans
, potatoes, madi
the chili
and grains such as quinoa
and teak. In addition, they had small herds of llamas, which drew meat, milk and wool. Hunted guanacos, huemules, pumas and foxes with bow and arrow. Those who lived on the coast fished using spears, hooks and nets.
The work of the field, in general, were made by women, except those requiring a greater force. The mingaco among the Mapuche was used to perform community service. The instrument used for styling was a sort of wooden paddle and a three-pointed stick which was placed a stone pierced, which was that the earth opened and allowed the placement of the seed. The rotation of the fields was the agricultural method that was used, making it impossible to define the particular property or villages completely
determined.
With the Mapuche manufactured wood utensils and pans, dishes and jugs. With the fibers were obtained from vegetable ropes, baskets and fishing nets. With clay, abundant in the area, did dishes, pots and pans. Gold and copper and silver, is likely to obtain the peoples of the north, but their use was limited, modeling, blow, decorations and tips for arrows and spears.
Families are grouped by
blood ties, forming a levo or
rehue . This could come to have over a thousand people, occupying a given territory. Each levo was made up, as has been said,
descendants from a common ancestor, which would made a covenant with an element of nature or an animal, which came from his name, keeping it
whole family. Each levo elected its
lonko , usually
, the most affluent and prestigious
called
ulmen .
Among the Mapuche was polygamy. Each man had many wives as he could pay and feed. The Mapuche women in society had an economic value, which made it more important. The first choice was the one that had a range of privilege with respect to the others. The marriage was done through simulation of a kidnapping, he was a religious ceremony and party. The groom's father canceled the wedding its value, which was: utensils, fruit and liquor.
The woman has great importance among the Mapuche. Despite being a polygamous society
is, in turn, matriarchal. The first woman is the real head of the household and others will recognize the authority. Also, his eldest son is the heir to the fortune of the father. In unendomo
, as it is called in the first Mapuche women, widowhood is recognized
, but not in the other wives of the deceased, which become part of the inheritance of the firstborn, and if missing it, the property rests with the elder brother of the deceased. Mapuche woman has in her hands scale agricultural development and its people. While the Mapuche
recognized as a culture
unlettered, had a language, Mapudungu
, very rich. His life went by
recognition of the seasons. A women when they reached twelve and fourteen men, those initiated in the
knowledge of their ancestors and the rules of conduct. The men began their training with physical exercise and the use of weapons, just as in
basic language skills that should continue to learn throughout the rest of his life. Pottery was
simple shapes, they had painted designs, these were also of great simplicity. As a result of English contact intensified the use of domestic utilitarian pottery. Its development was in the hands of women, like most of the utensils that were used daily
.
Like their neighbors to the north, the Mapuche, living in shacks made of wood, mud and branches, rectangular and oval. Generally
these shacks were two small open spaces on the ends of the ridge
the roof, which went the smoke from a fire always kept burning. Inside, the shacks were
compartments for each of the wives and children. Tree trunks used as beds to put the head and hides and blankets in which they lay.
trade and economic development of the Mapuche people was extremely primitive. With coastal towns
seafood exchanged for weapons and tissues. The flame was a "coin" essential.
Women played a major role in the economy, it was labor that was dedicated to housework and field. Therefore, having several wives was
sample status and wealth.
The men wore a kind of coat with no hood or sleeves, similar to chamanto
used, In addition, the
chiripá , a kind of crotch
tying at the waist. The women wore a long gown covering the whole body, called
quipa (
Küpan ), a kind of cloth of tissue that enveloped his body from under the armpits. The ornaments were diverse and before the arrival of the English used to be stone, but their diversification
increased towards the nineteenth century
.
The value of the Mapuche, lifted further by the English, is one of the top record labels
characteristic of their culture. Jealous of their land and their honor, defending his own with
same ferocity with which executed the vengeance, as a result of deaths they believed came from other
levos . The head of the family or
lonko , was directing the attacks against those found guilty of theft cases were
responsible for the death of any member of your household.
When the enemies were much higher, as were the Incas and the English, the Mapuche were gathered around a military leader, the
toqui , who
stay in office until the danger disappeared. The threat gave rise to vutalmapus
, which ultimately was a
organization Exceeding levos
for military purposes, which also disappeared once the danger. The toqui
to alert the various
vutalmapus , sent an emissary with an arrow and a quipu
, they called
pron which noted the day the war would start.
weapons evolved very quickly. In the battle of
Reinohuelén against Almagro, in 1536, the Mapuche used bows and arrows. Later, short spears, and stone walls. In addition, swords seized from the English made metal tips for arrows. At the same time, they used mace A luma stick two feet long and wide at the tip which was added a plank to hit harder. Using also the deep
bolas, which together with the arrows fell on the other hand, with deadly results.
The most likely among the Mapuche there was no rigorous
planning to confront their enemies. However, the writers point out that their attack despite being messy and be accompanied by an infernal
crying, had a certain logic, since it is done through mobile sides and enveloping the hand phalanges. As they did not know the horses
ended their fight with a melee fight. A more courageous enemies tore the heart and ate it that way believers are transmitted
value.
The spiritual life of the Mapuche was understood by the conquerors
as a mixture of magic and superstition
. Their religion was animistic character
believed in beings superior to them and asked to have them offered her his hand. They believed in a god called
Pillán , which depending on the locations changed its name
and their attributes. Its total power was about man and nature, however, was not seen God as a punisher. The (or) machis were those who performed the ceremonies of relationship between the community and the deities called Nguillatun.
The deceased is mourned by his relatives, as well as professional mourners. Dressed in their best clothes was locked in a coffin-shaped wooden canoe, which was placed on a mound of earth in the family cemetery. The food should be abundant, as well as chicha, it should undertake the journey was long. The spirit of the dead on his way to a sacred place situated on top of volcanoes, clouds or beyond the sea, where it should pursue a life very similar to the one he had on earth. The Pillán could become better.
The machis were women or men dressed as women. Holders of a gift from the Pillar and transmitted by their ancestors. Its purpose was generally beneficial, despite its sometimes grim figure and ugly. Huecuvus or scare the evil spirits that tormented the people with all kinds of illnesses and misfortunes. For this, perform a ceremony, the machitun, which indicated the person or persons responsible for the disease or curse. If it was another Mapuche, this was executed by the hands of the mourners of the deceased, if the patient came to die.
The music was played individually or in groups. The instruments were typical the trutruca, a long cane stick resembled a large horn which came a powerful sound, the kultrún, a small drum used by the machi in their ceremonies to which he beat with a stick wrapped in wool, as well as horns, whistles , flutes and the like.
The most popular game played by the Mapuche was crooked or palin, in which two teams will meet for the purpose of contesting a wooden ball, using two separate sticks curved at the tip. The number of players was relative, since it could be up to twenty on each side. The game became a real battle, which calmed the end, with a party where food and drink was plentiful. The court reached to have more than two blocks long and five meters wide.
His entertainments: the Awarkude. Also known as the game of the beans.
Alonso de Ovalle, confirmed Historical Value of the Kingdom of Chile the practice of this game among the Mapuche. In essence, was to launch into the air a number of previously colored beans (for one side) and bet on the number of beans that fall to the ground by the colored side. Who guess the exact number was declared the winner.
Magic was part of Mapuche society. Machis used their powers for a purpose beneficial. Its powers, magic and hypnotism, were respected. However, the witches also harmful existed. These were called calculated (Kalku), who not to damage repaired through black magic. They met at night in secret places, like caves or underground. The Mapuche were the cinnamon as an object of veneration to which they worshiped in religious ceremonies.
Huilliches:
Archaeological approximately AD 600, found in Pitre and Huitag (near Lake Calafquén) have confirmed that the settlement area of \u200b\u200bthe town not only covers the coastal area south of the river Tolten.
They differed from the rest of their ethnicity and their language was a dialect of spoken from the river Choapa to Chiloe. They shared the same Mapuche culture and developed agriculture as an economic base, however, his main activity was fishing.
huilliche society is divided into levosHotwordStyle = BookDefault similarly to the Mapuche. Despite being far from the people of his own tribe, when they felt threatened by the English alliance with its neighbors farther north to face the English conquistador.
were fishermen and farmers. On the coast of the island of Chiloé cultivated huilliche potatoes, corn and quinoaHotwordStyle = BookDefault;, raised llamas that gave them wool and meat. Is devoted to fish and shellfish, activities that dominated both at sea and in lakes. Used canoes Dalca calls made from three panels sewn together with lianas, which also employed groups Maullín were on the south.
· Pehuenches
The Pehuenche were a nomadic people who inhabited the area between the lake and the river Bío Laja. Their food and economic base was (and is) linked to the forests of pine and fruit: the piñónHotwordStyle = BookDefault;. Harvesting the fruit should be made once the summer before and the bands that fell parrot choroy realize it. The nomadism of the Pehuenche was a kind of transhumance in a fixed territory they regarded as proprietary. It is very likely to approach the farming when the English arrived.
were nomadic and collected the piñónHotwordStyle = BookDefault, hence its name (people of the sprocket), but also complementing their diet with other seeds and hunting guanacos and other small animals. Their main weapons were arrows and boleadorasHotwordStyle = BookDefault;. They trade with other groups of women getting them. His movements were determined by the seasons, the movements of animals, especially, guanaco and the ripening of fruits.
· The Chiquillanes.
inhabitants of the upper valleys of the Cordillera Central Los Andes, between 33 º and 34 º south latitude, were located north of the Pehuenche. As they were nomads and hunters, especially the guanaco. Initially, those linking the English puelche, but by the eighteenth century, are identified as part of the Eastern Cordillera, the Argentinean side and Chiquillanes the western side. They traded with the salt taken out of the gaps mountain range. Clashed in bloody battles against other groups as poyas and Pehuenche.
· The Puelche.
This was an indigenous group that inhabited the high Eastern Cordillera, south of the Pehuenche. Their nomadic life pattern is the same that had the Chiquillanes and tehuelche, the which were overlooked. Their main sustenance was hunting and gathering of guanaco piñónHotwordStyle = BookDefault;.
· The Tehuelche. Indigenous
Pampa inhabiting the southern tip of continental Patagonia, the region between the Straits of Magellan, the Atlantic coast and the foothills. The tehuelche have the nomadic life of their neighbors, and poyas puelche. Hunting guanaco and rhea (choike) is their staple food. Their weapons were boleadorasHotwordStyle = BookDefault;, bows and arrows, slings and spear. Tribes were grouped in thirty to forty individuals. Their houses were built of sticks and skins of guanacos.
· The Poyas.
Group belonging to the branch Tehuelche Nahuelhuapi south of the lake, but in their raids reached the shores of which was provided for seafood. Their presence in ChileHotwordStyle = BookDefault, was very limited.
The Onas: Men in Tierra del Fuego. Onas
The other groups differed from the self-designation fueguinos Selk'nam or "we are equal." The arrival of the first migrations to Tierra del Fuego, limited to about 7000 BC, when the island was part of the continent, this could be proven by the fact that the sailors were selk'nam. Guanaco hunting was an essential part of your diet, as well as shellfish harvesting and seabird eggs from the banks. Due to his status
nomads, they brought selk'nam room. This consisted of a new tree frame arranged in a conical, covered with branches and skins. Raised in their hunting camps and to keep the fire, wind-formed simple guanaco skins sewn and painted red, attached to the floor by two large stakes. The children were loaded on the back by their parents in cribs skin sticks and guanacos.
The costumes, both men and women, consisting of a layer of guanaco skin with hair out, the man was wrapped around a deep forehead, also made of guanaco skin. Ara
hunt using a bow and arrow with stone point, and the sling. To fish made use of networks and to hunt birds, traps made of baleen whales. His tools were knives and awls made of bone.
· The Alacalufes.
This name is wrong, because in fact is the Kaweskar, which means "men who wear skin." Guayaneco populated islands to the Madre de Dios island, but its influence was much more coming as the northern limit to the Bay of San Gregorio, south to Dawson Island in the Strait of Magellan. Formed with Yagan and Ona-called "Tierra del Fuego." Apparently never formed a very large, reaching, perhaps, a figure close to three thousand individuals.
Their way of life.
The means of transport used by kaweskar was only the canoe, which could be tied with string tables made of bark and bark ribbed rod plant. They fished and hunted all kinds of marine life. Larger marine animals hunted with harpoons tipped with bone. In hunting ground used spears tipped with fire hardened wood or stone. They also fished with cages made of straw and plant fiber networks. A distinctive instrument, was the knife to open shellfish shell.
· The Cuncos.
The cuncos populated the mainland between Rio Bueno and the Chacao channel, extending to Chiloé, mingling there with the chonos. The cuncos are the indigenous base of what later became the original Chiloe. The island led to growing potatoes, corn and quinoaHotwordStyle = BookDefault;. They took the skin from the flames, which had small herds, to spin and weave their clothing. They used the canoe to sail sewn table. For hunting, they wore the stole. They lived in wooden houses.
· The Chonos.
payos called themselves. It is very unlikely to be the first inhabitants of the archipelago of Chiloe, folded under the pressure of the cuncos, moved to the south. Their nomadic profile varied with the contact between cuncos, from whom they learned the potato crop and grazing of the flame. In the early eighteenth century were extinguished by the mixture with cuncos and alacalufes.
· The Yagan or Yamana.
Indian canoe, the southernmost Tierra del Fuego groups. Inhabited islands that stretch from the Beagle Channel and Cape Horn. Despite having about five different groups with different language, all belonged to the same branch. His mode of transportation was the canoe of bark on a new moon, lightened at times with a seal skin as a sail and a kind of rudder. The house was very light Yagan, a linkage was armed covered with branches, grass, bark or sealskin, floor slightly widened and the entrance facing the sea.
The family unit was monogamous. The bandaHotwordStyle = BookDefault, only made itself felt as a social unit during the initiation ceremonies in some important hunting and fishing, and occasionally sharing a whale stranded on the beach. Each group had a well-defined territory, despite being nomads. Before the arrival of the English may have reached 2500 individuals. At the end of this century all yaganes disappeared.
They used bows and arrows, plus darts aimed varied depending on whether they fished or hunted. They had a spear Bone special tip that was used for hunting whales and seals. To hunt cormorants, southern birds, had devised a trap, bait, which consisted of three wooden tips skewered meat.
Despite the cold, wind and snow, the canoe did not cover his back and sometimes slept in the open, on the snow, all huddled together. To avoid the cold and waterproof skin smeared with oil sea lion. They had no time constraints, there was preservation of food and was always in a constant struggle for survival.
