Period or Conservative Republic
is often called and the period of the history of Chile that has passed since the end of the Revolution of 1829 until the period of President Manuel Montt (1860).
were three decades in which they laid the foundations of the Republican organization, especially its political aspects. Since 1833, Chile had a constitution that would remain in place until 1925.
The country was found, between 1830-1850, in a better position to weather the economic tasks, as it reached a significant degree of political stability during these decades. Policy Period Evolution
Joaquín Prieto's rise and the new tasks of Portales.
The elections of 1831 were overwhelmingly favorable to General Joaquín Prieto, who took over as President while Diego Portales was appointed to the Vice President, a position he ultimately rejected.
Through the new authorities, the elite sought to solve the problem of finding a viable government formula for the new republic, using pragmatic institutional channels.
The organization of the nation was the result of work of many men. Although it is generally recognized as Diego Portales "builder" of the Chilean political system, its main merit is that it imposed the principle of authority, defined by him in this way in a personal letter:
"The Republic is the system that should be taken, but do you know how I understand it to these countries? A strong government, centralizing, whose men are true models of virtue and patriotism, and so right for the citizens path of order and virtue ...".
Diego Portales.
member of the elite, was born in Santiago in 1793. His parents were Joseph and Mary Santiago Portales Palazuelos. Educated at the College and the Karolinska Institute, he abandoned his studies to dedicate himself to tests of the Mint.
Widowed at age 28 after a depressed period in his life where he tried unsuccessfully to enter the priesthood, he traveled business in Peru. On his return to Chile was a jovial, SARA and chinganas regular, evasive and sentimental commitments becoming more interested in events of national policy. Associated with José Manuel Cea, Portales began business in Peru, established in Lima and Callao (1822). After obtaining regular economic performance, he returned to Chile two years later. In 1824, the company Portales - Cea engages the monopoly of snuff. In exchange for the monopoly, the company took over the loan that the government of Chile had made in England. The failure of the company and allegations of fraud against Portales, led him to question government management.
After a long period of political anonymity, reached prominence since the late 1820's until his death.
His early interventions on the national stage were associated with the group called tobacconists. Later, he led the revolution of 1829 and was Minister of the governments of José Tomás Ovalle and Fernando Errazuriz.
During the administration of President Joaquín Prieto Vial held several portfolios simultaneously, concentrating on his hands an enormous power. He was also mayor of Valparaiso. Portales
management for the development of the Republic was inspired by political realism. Isolated foreign theories and formulas, preferring facts and actions rather than speeches, and attempted consolidation of order, understood as respect for authority impersonal. Portales conceived patriotism as love and selfless dedication by Chile. Virtuous statesmen believed, of strong will and able to enforce orderly public life. Relied more on the personality of the ruler, in a specific political and legal regime.
The work of Diego Portales.
Several measures were promoted by Portales since beginning his political involvement. These may include: the renovation of the judicial and prison system and the creation of civic duty, an institution designed to serve as a disciplined force, while reorganizing the army.
also designed foreign policy that sought to structure the predominance of Chile in the Pacific and developed an important task in relation to education, embodied in the creation of the Ministry of Cults and Public Education. Mutiny
Quillota and epilogue of a lifetime.
Since the government was campaigning to address the Confederation Peru - Bolivian military discontent among opponents of the regime was growing.
During a visit to the Maipo regiment in Quillota Minister Portales was captured by Colonel José Antonio Vidal. In an attempt to add support for the revolt, Vidal and his men went to Valparaiso hoping surveillance officer Minister Santiago Guilder. This, fearful that insurgent forces were defeated, he ordered to shoot Portales (June 6, 1837). GOVERNMENT
JOAQUIN PRIETO (1831-1841) Joaquín Prieto Vial was an aristocrat who belonged to two very important groups: the military aristocracy of the south and the Castilian - Basque Santiago. He was an enlightened man of cautious and moderate character, which undoubtedly helped him to reject the influence of one or other side. During his first term (1931-1936) was appointed as Minister Prieto Interior Ramon Errazuriz, but before his resignation early appointed a man linked to Portales, Joaquín Tocornal. Meanwhile, Gates left his post as minister of war in 1832 and retired from political life for a while. During his tenure, Prieto montoneras struggled against the Pincheira, a group of bandits attacked southerners who terrorized the population and for which earmarked a delegation of soldiers who fought under General Manuel Bulnes. In Chillán and around destroyed montoneras Bulnes, detained leader of the gang and freed a group of women and children were held captive by the bandits. Although the nation and was at peace, tolerance minister amid efforts Tocornal revolutionaries, led to extraordinary powers to dictate laws in case of any threat. Among other works by the minister, their work highlights the educational area, as they founded the School of Medicine (1833), the Pharmacy (1833) and Obstetrics (1834), whose aim was to strengthen medical education in our country. Legal matters highlights the drafting of the Constitution of 1833, as was applied to 1925 but included some reforms, remains the fundamental law more applicable in the country. The stability and continuity of this constitution allowed the country's political development, as well to serve different governments, both liberals and parliamentarians, which contributed to the stability of the nation's political development. For some historians respond to the law of a strong, authoritarian government, the critics believe in a return to the past, while others think that the emphasis has been given is exaggerated, among other opinions. Another key men was Manuel Rengifo Cardenas Prieto, Minister of Finance, a post he made significant economic changes in the government, and even identified him as "financial wizard." Within the area of \u200b\u200btaxation, the new minister abolished certain areas of the sales tax and replaced by a kind of tax income, the land, which was calculated on the value of rural land and its benefits. In the customs procedure set new tariffs for some goods and freed of progress payment items (1934) as machinery, books, typewriters, scientific instruments, etc. Also improved and expanded free warehouses Valparaiso, a kind of warehouse where goods are kept of all countries in return for a payment to the treasury.
To try to solve the economic problems took a series of measures including savings in public expenditure and monitoring the collection of taxes, is limited useless jobs and said goodbye to inefficient or unscrupulous officials. Thus, government revenues increased gradually and let the best deal of national budget. "The financial wizard" regularized domestic debt and deferred payment loan to London until the economy was better response. Among the protective measures to the national economy and the production of certain manufactured goods (footwear, tallow candles, clothing, etc.) Rengifo recorded the placement of certain consumer goods. In 1835 he granted the concession of a steamship line between Valparaiso and Callao, the American William Wheelright. The country's economy was boosted in 1832 for the discovery of silver ore Chañarcillo favoring wealth and welfare. Then left that place immense fortunes, in turn, strengthened the country's development with improvements in agriculture, railway construction, improvement of the capital and the exploitation of other minerals, among other things that fueled the economy.
government of Manuel Bulnes (1841 - 1851) before the presidential election candidates with most votes were Pinto and Bulnes Bulnes but the marriage of the daughter of the first settled the rivalry and disarmed the opposition liberal who supported Pinto. Subsequently, Bulnes be elected by absolute majority. Manuel Bulnes Prieto Concepción belonged to the aristocracy and was a sincere, good sense of conciliation and who managed to restore peace to the citizens. His rule was a period of peace, economic and intellectual well-being, however, the rejection of the regime led Portalian ministerial crisis, parliamentary opposition and military mutinies not largely disrupted the order. Like its predecessor, also had important Bulnes ministers said the civilian element in governance. These include Ramón Luis Irarrázaval, Manuel Rengifo and Manuel Montt in Interior, Finance and Education, respectively. Among the works of his early years highlights approval of an amnesty law and a law rehabilitating decommissioned military. On the administrative side, the creation of the Bureau of Statistics (1843) in order to control population data, trade and industry, and the law of procedure (1844) which among other things allowed the organization of the country into provinces, departments and other subdivisions, in addition to granting authority to the mayors and governors. In matters of finance, the minister also Rengifo reorganize the finances, worried about the loan in London, an issue resolved in 1842 through an agreement with creditors. Settled the debt, the Chileans began to emphasize bonds over Hispanic Americans in the London Stock Exchange. Gradually the idea of \u200b\u200ba strong government opponents began to have rocked the stability achieved by the government. In 1844 the article "The Chilean Sociability" Francisco Bilbao scandalized society, and criticizing the country's past and the prevailing social order, so that its author was fined, expelled from their classes at the National Institute of Law and the text burned. Meanwhile, the death of Rengifo and Irarrázaval resignation in 1845 led to appointment of Manuel Montt, as chief of staff. In the Treasury was appointed José Joaquín Pérez, while the portfolio of education was given to Antonio Varas. Montt and management Varas meant for many the end of the conciliatory policy Irarrázaval and Rengifo, because on the one hand Montt believed, like the aristocracy, the maintenance of order and stability, but unlike that group, based on a strong government. Varas, meanwhile followed the same policy Montt. This unleashed a press campaign against the authoritarianism of the inner holder, whose leaders wanted to change the order, but the unrest was not widespread, there was only answer in Santiago. Supporters of government then established the Society of the Order (October 1845) to what opponents responded by forming the Democratic Society, whose aim was to attract government opponents. This company was also added Caupolicán Society, recognized as the first truly democratic organization in the country.
government of Manuel Montt (1851 - 1861) Despite strong opposition and controversy sparked by the candidacy of a man strong and authoritative as Montt, intervention in the elections of 1851 led to the winner by a large majority, but not until the position faced the outbreak of the revolution in La Serena and Concepción provinces strongly opposed to centralism. The movement in La Serena, directed by José Miguel Carrera Fontecilla, fell by its own means, to the inability of leaders to control the situation. It was then that the government troops, whose leaders were John Vidal and Victorino Garrido, took control of the situation. In Concepcion, however, support for Cruz, who led the movement, the situation became more difficult. The troops of the latter came to have 3,500 men, but were defeated on December 8, 1851 in Loncomilla by the government army, which was ahead by 200 men led by General Manuel Bulnes. The revolution in the south ended days later, when Cruz signed the Treaty of Purapel. Manuel Montt was characterized as a representative political order that kept despite opposition against him. As in the ministry of Bulnes, Montt worked with Antonio Varas, his top aide and minister. After the revolution implemented a policy of conciliation, even envisaged a general amnesty bill, but most of the government, concerned at any sign of revolution, decided to extend the extraordinary powers of the president. Neutralized with the liberal opposition, Montt was dedicated to a work of advancement and progress with his cabinet, made up mostly of young politicians. The push to consolidate the country legally, led the administration to make far-reaching legislative reforms: the abolition final of primogeniture, by the laws of 1852 and 1857 and the enactment in 1855 of the Civil Code drafted by Andrés Bello, a document that provides rules of civic behavior and even served as a model codes from other countries. 1833 Constitution
Under the Government of General Don Joaquin Prieto Vial (he had assumed in 1831) settled the constituent assembly that gave the Basic Law of 1833, the Constitution of longer duration, 92 years, as it was repealed only in 1925. In general, original version created a strong executive, almost omnipotent, and this emphasis was applied during its first 50 years approx. However, the same Constitution, with modifications, provided a framework in a virtual parliamentary regime between 1891 and 1925.
In chapter six the Charter of 1833 is the National Congress, which consists of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives, elected by direct vote one and the other indirectly.
In the context of the 1833 Constitution, only Congress is for: to approve or disapprove the investment account of Public Funds, to approve or reject a declaration of war against a foreign nation, a proposal of the President of the Republic, to extend and address respect to the surrender that he made from his office; to scrutinize the election of Supreme Head of State and ratify when it is not an absolute majority to authorize the President to use special powers, should they be defined and limited.
Some of the Main Constitutional Provisions, 1833:
• The State of Chile is a unitary republic.
• The official religion is Roman Catholic and, excluding the public exercise of any other.
· You will have the right to vote were men over 25 years, if single, and married 21 years, who can read and write and who have property (based on census suffrage). With such requirements, it is estimated that the total voters in the first presidential elections under this Constitution, barely reached 0.4% of the population.
• The President in office lasts for 5 years and may be reelected immediately for a period equal time (that enabled the so-called "decades", which is known as the governments of the President himself Prieto, Don Manuel Bulnes [1841 - 1851], Don Manuel Montt [1851 to 1861] and Don José Joaquín Pérez [1861 to 1871]. Then he passed a constitutional amendment to prohibit immediate reelection.) The Executive may appoint ministers and their remain in office as have his confidence.
• The legislative power is exercised by Congress.
OTHER FEATURES OF THE CONSTITUTION OF 1833
The Executive. In accordance with the provisions of this Charter Policy, the President had so many functions that can be said that the system I established, at least initially, as we said, was predominantly president. Indeed, the President, as Chief Executive, appointed and removed to the ministers, state councilors, representatives or agents of Chilean diplomats, the mayors and other administration officials. Designated asimismo a los jueces y magistrados superiores del Poder Judicial, a propuesta del Consejo de Estado declaraba el estado de sitio en caso de ataque exterior o conmoción interna, ejercía el veto en la formación de las leyes.
DISPOSICIONES GENERALES:
La Constitución de 1833 comenzaba repitiendo un error que ya había cometido las constituciones anteriores. Este era el de precisar los límites de Chile, encerrándolo entre el Desierto de Atacama por el Norte, el Cabo de Hornos por el extremo Sur, la cordillera de los Andes por el Este y el Océano Pacífico por el Oeste. En consecuencia, se ha afirmado, con mucha razón, que Chile, oficial y expresamente, fue renunciando día a día a Patagonia, Chile trasandino, leaving it also clearly set out in each of the constitutions.
• What powers had the Executive?
· Who had the right to vote?
• What elements of Chapter Six are held today?
• Why is argued that Chile lost territories in accordance with this Constitution?
· Make a timeline or chronological axis of the elements which were shaping the process of the 1833 Constitution.
• What powers did the legislative branch?
Development of Economics.
The Chilean economy was greatly affected by the process of independence. A progress evidenced in the final years of the colonial era, followed the decline and stagnation of the decades of 1810 and 1820. The State was, in this context, the major driver of economic development from 1829 onwards. Unlike what happened in politics, it lacked a consistent theoretical model, typical of this time was the coexistence of protectionist and liberal positions.
Years of governments Joaquín Prieto, Manuel Montt Manuel Bulnes and marked a significant economic progress for the country, led to special order and promoting material development by the state.
However, towards the end of Montt's government, for various reasons, the national economy went into crisis a few years, particularly serious in the financial aspects.
Agriculture, the backbone of development.
Agricultural recovery, fostered initially by the reopening of the Peruvian market to Chilean products, was driven from the late 1840's by Chile found new markets for wheat and flour: California and Australia. The profits of the domestic economy to meet the strong demand created in these areas, together with the growth of sales to neighboring countries financed a series of general economic boom, closed in the mid-President Manuel Montt.
The mining boom.
At this stage, mining increased its importance in the overall Chilean economy. On the one hand, silver production was increased dramatically, especially with the discovery of rich deposits of Chañarcillo and Three Points. Moreover, the growing international demand for copper product of the Industrial Revolution, fostered the exploitation of domestic deposits, such as the Tamaya. El Norte Chico was the most favored by the mining boom, and he came around figures like José Tomás Urmeneta.
Commercial developments.
Chilean trade, which since the early days was driven by foreign Republicans, was heavily influenced by state policy, which moved between protectionism and openness, and external processes, such as the rise of the ports of San Francisco and El Callao to the detriment of Valparaiso.
turn, was manifested during the continued interest of governments to order their operation, giving a legal framework in which to run, as happened with the Customs Act 1834.
Chile The main products exported were agricultural products, especially wheat and flour. They were joined in recent years, significant amounts silver and copper. The country imported manufactured goods, given the limited development of industry, which remained "broadly" in an artisanal level.
In descending order, the countries which remained the largest trade were: England, France, USA and Peru.
Transportation.
The relative increase of Chilean trade was aided by, and also promoted the improvement of transport, both internally and those who joined Chile with the world. From this period dates the beginning of the train in the country, and the introduction of steam navigation on the Chilean coast and a significant increase in the tonnage of Chilean merchant marine. In addition, new roads were opened and managed those years of struggle for independence had been destroyed.
The Company during the Period
Among the final decades of the colony and the first decades of the nineteenth century, there were several processes that, under the republican period, allowed the gradual evolution of Chile from a society estamentalHotwordStyle = BookDefault; to consists of classes. Because of their importance are: the mix of racial groups, the abolition of the encomienda and slavery of blacks, and the end of aristocratic distinctions. However, despite the theoretical equality all Chileans, differences persisted and social hierarchy did not change substantially.
The aristocracy, was the main social group, and based its wealth in the possession of the land. Since the 1830 political stability and economic boom allowed to increase their wealth, and the distance separating it from other social groups. The formed a small circle of families from the group of natives of the eighteenth century. Along with the economic power that gave the land, the elite enjoyed the political and social power.
Although the core of the elite had its roots in the colonial period, during the years of Republican organization were incorporated families enriched with mining and trade, complemented activities, sometimes with participation in the germinal Chilean banking system. Among these families were formed by many immigrants who arrived after independence. Edwards highlights, Subercaseaux and Gallo. Moreover, these new members of the elite also became landowners.
media groups. The beginning of the republic did not mean big changes for the middle strata of society. Independence did not mean a better chance of socioeconomic advancement. These middle classes were small traders, artisans, low military officers and employees. They can also be considered as part of them small mine owners of the Norte Chico and the owners of medium-sized farms located in the central region. In general, they lacked political power and adhered to the positions of the elite.
the low stratum. It was certainly the larger social group and also, the one major internal differences. He owned almost all of the rural population, as well as those men and women living on the edge of large cities. In addition, the disappearance of the estates and the emergence of nested classes by their socioeconomic status, led the Indian masses and few blacks and mulattoes who lived in Chile became part of the so called 'common people'. This group had no education and political and economic power was minimal. Constitute the workforce of the Chilean economy, employment quota underpaid and poorly protected against the excesses committed by employers and landlords. Primarily, the 'common people' was employed in agriculture and mining tasks. The figures were typical of the tenant and the pawn, but also belonged to the lower classes vagabonds and bandits who traveled between Copiapo and Concepción. The poverty and marginalization in this group living can prevent him from disturbing the peace disfavoured social it.
Church and Republic. Three decades
included within the National Organization period were for the Church year internal administrative reorganization and changes in their positions in society. Under the leadership of men like Rafael Valentín Valdivieso, the Chilean Church managed to create around him a group of cohesive opinion formed by clergy and laity, in defense of its principles to the increasing secularization of the spirit of the local society. Body of thought in this sector was the Catholic magazine, linked to conservative political groups.
In parallel, during these years was picking up from the inside the Church the idea of \u200b\u200bfreeing the church hierarchy about the Chilean State. Revived the old conflict between those who defended the powers of the state and those who felt that only the Pope was the authority which the Church should be subject to ChileHotwordStyle = BookDefault;. This confrontation took on its most virulent during the government of Manuel Montt and even caused the split between government policy.
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