Years of Hurtado de Mendoza
The second half of XVI century.
The conquered territory was extended to the south, coming to cities based on Chiloé and in the Strait of Magellan in difficult maintenance conditions.
Each new year the Arauco War resumed in improving the climate in the border area. Then all the commissioners and put English food and horses for the army, in order to maintain control south of the Bío Bío and thus get to exploit the gold mines in the area.
The Chilean Church.
was created in 1561 by Pope Pius IV the bishopric of Santiago, the first founded in Chile.
was named to head the diocese Rodrigo Gonzalez Marmolejo, religious reached in times of Pedro de Valdivia and the date of his appointment was an old man. Therefore
identified three attorneys, including the Dominican Friar Gil González de San Nicolás, to receive the knob on your behalf.
A second diocese, The Imperial, founded in 1563. The first decades of the Church in Chile were of great poverty. Government
Francisco de Villagra (1561-1563).
Villagra's appointment as governor was a triumph of the first conquerors on those who arrived with Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza.
But his government was unsuccessful. Was faced with a stubborn opposition of the Mapuche in the south and also the war and an epidemic of smallpox decimated the Indian population responsible.
This was one of the reasons that led to GobernadorHotwordStyle = BookDefault; to partially modify the rate Santillán, reducing the indigenous compensation eighth gold found.
War of Arauco and the doctrine .
The Dominican friar Gil González de San Nicolás, who had arrived in the country with Hurtado de Mendoza, the country introduced in the Indian defense. According
objections made by Francisco de Vitoria and Bartolome de Las Casas, the Indians were entitled to resist English domination and to preserve their customs, for acceptance of the Catholic faith and real sovereignty was only valid if it was voluntary.
was under the rule of Francisco de Villagra when the clash between the two sides reached its peak, following some religious refusal to absolve the members of an expedition against the Indians.
The Bishop of Santiago, Rodrigo Gonzalez Marmolejo, convened in 1563, a board of theologians to establish an official position.
This indicated that the enduring rebel Indian justified war against them, while acknowledging that the English had committed excesses and should return the goods to the Indians dispossessed.
The Royal Court (1567-1568).
Wary of the ability of governors past and looking to increase their power, the king installed the Real Audiencia in Chile (Concepción, 1565), which was entrusted with the government.
The court was composed of three judges and a president, an office held by Dr. Melchor Bravo de Saravia.
took office in 1567, and soon his actions were questioned by the trustees, which led to Philip II to give greater powers to its president, Bravo Saravia.
The government of Melchor Bravo de Saravia (1567-1575).
Bravo was unable to pacify the Araucanía. Even forts were abandoned and Arauco Cañete, and the English troops were defeated in the assault on the Indian strong Maregueñu and defeated at the battle of Puren.
Their management with the military reverses in the south, conflict with the other judges over his age, led to a growing paralysis in the government of the kingdom.
The earthquake of Concepción.
On February 8, 1570, in the city of Concepción earthquake occurred first by the English,
By the end of the sixteenth century sea communications between Peru and Chile were still slow. In particular, the travel between Callao and Valparaiso delayed the ships, because they had to face adverse currents in the sea.
In 1574, the pilot Juan Fernandez, seeking a solution, made the voyage from Peru penetrating farther west, making the trip was shortened from three months to one. Along the way, discovered the islands that now bear his name. The new route
prompted a rush of people and goods between both English possessions. Second
Rodrigo de Quiroga government (1575-1580). Along
with the resignation of Bravo de Saravia, the Royal Court was abolished. The King appointed
gobernadorHotwordStyle = BookDefault, Rodrigo de Quiroga, who had to deal with the earthquake that destroyed the cities of Imperial, Villarica, Osorno, Valdivia and Castro (1575).
also had to face the Indian uprising led by Alonso Díaz mestizo. She also had problems with applying the rates and Church relations were strained. First
pirates: Drake in Chile.
order to strip the American wealth to the English crown, several European powers encouraged the raids of pirates.
Thus, 1578, the dreaded English privateer Francis Drake struck the Chilean coast. Aboard his ship the Pelican, looted and burned Valparaiso.
Rejected in La Serena, attacked the port of Arica and went to Callao. In the Peruvian port of a ship seized more than a million ducats.
The success of the company Drake would be emulated throughout the next decade by new Dutch English privateers and pirates.
Martin Ruiz de Gamboa, the governor of Chile (1580-1583).
Appointed governor's will Quiroga, during his brief administration carried on certain policies normalizing. Founded
Chillán in 1580-with the name of St. Bartholomew, to ensure peace in the north of the Bio Bio, a goal not met because they can not weaken the rebellion of the picunches, huilliche and Mapuche.
On the other hand, aware of the problems generated from the rate governing the parcel, in 1580 promulgated a new regulation. Another work of Ruiz de Gamboa was fighting alcoholism among Indians, creating for that purpose, the mayor of drunkenness.
Rate Gamboa. Dictated
shortly after Ruiz de Gamboa took over, removed the personal service of the Indians, which were only required to pay a tribute in gold or spices could not exceed nine dollars annually.
Neighbors opposed to new Native Labour Ordinances, as the Indians gradually abandoned the hard work of the gold mines.
This rate fell into disuse with the arrival of Governor Alonso de Sotomayor (1583). Government
Alonso de Sotomayor (1583-1592).
The great virtue of this new Governor, experienced military and outstanding participation in the thirds of Flanders, was the realization that the Arauco War could be won only when the count with a permanent professional army, rather than a host of neighbors .
dismissed the old idea of \u200b\u200bachieving peace Valdivia by settlement of the Mapuche territory. However, their suggestions were ignored by the Crown because of the lack of resources. During his tenure
reintroduced indigenous personal work, returning to the rate of Santillan.
The settlement of the Straits (1584).
Drake attacks the Chilean coast decided to Viceroy Francisco de Toledo to send an expedition led by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, in order to close the Straits to the pirates. Arrivals
Strait, the ships were separated by the winds and currents, in this situation, Sarmiento decided to travel to Spain. There Philip II entrusted the task of populating and fortify the Straits, giving the issue of additional resources.
The English pirates.
Between 1583 and 1592, a period in which Alonso de Sotomayor ruled the kingdom of Chile withstood several attacks by pirates, due to the obligatory passage through the Straits of Magellan to the rich Pacific coast.
The increase in pirate attacks in the Crown decided to increase the fortifications in the most important ports, as well as the build commercial ships.
Despite the terror and trade disruptions caused these characters contributed to the progress of world geography. The daring adventure
Drake declined to be repeated other pirates, one of them was Thomas Cavendish. Their raids on the coasts of Chile, made in 1587, failed, getting a very meager spoils. Martín García
Oñez of Loyola (1592-1598).
Martín García de Loyola Oñez;, Alonso de Sotomayor successor, founded the city of Santa Cruz, at the confluence of the Bío Bío and Laja (1584), and had to face the assaults of the privateer Richard Hawkins.
In the same way that other governors, was unable to dominate the Mapuche, due to the scarcity of resources and men. Try peace through surrender, the Indians captured, farming implements, experience to no avail. Another famous corsair
Richard Hawkins, who after crossing the Strait, plundered Valparaiso in 1593 after being attacked by the square of the Viceroy Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza.
After a bloody battle, Hawkins forces surrendered on the condition that their individual rights are respected. The Viceroy sent him to Spain, where he was imprisoned for many years.
Curalaba 's Surprise (1598). Loyola
Oñez marched against the rebels organized by the chief Pelantaro, however was attacked while camping unprotected Curalaba site near the river Lumaco. In this battle, the governor would lose life.
The defeat sparked the rebellion-germinated on years of English-abuse campaigns and the consequent destruction and abandonment of the cities south of the Bío, being the lands north of the river, the city of Valdivia and Chiloe in possession of the English final .
Was this the end of more than forty years of conquest and settlement efforts in the south and closed the period of conquest.
Curalaba Consequences.
The sixteenth century ended, leaving in misery to the kingdom of Chile and destroyed seven cities (Santa Cruz de Oñez, La Imperial, Valdivia, Angol, Arauco, Villarrica and Osorno).
Over a thousand soldiers were killed and about four English captives of the Indians. The defeat English
noted the limitations of the host of trustees and the need for a standing army, funded by the Crown to end the threat and stabilize Mapuche English rule in the kingdom.
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