The eighteenth century is known by history as a time of profound change and transformation in all dimensions of human events. Not only great political and social revolutions have the stage this century, but also ideological revolutions in the world of ideas and thought. The eighteenth century redefined the concept of man and his role in history and society. Great
technical and technological advances witnessed in the course of the century. By the middle of it, begin to see the early history of the Industrial Revolution, which marked the introduction of the machine and mass production in the economies of European countries. One example is the steam engine. Advances in communications
are products of this revolution. Navigation undergoes a significant transformation with the advent of steamships, which replaced the old ships and ships of large canopies. The steamer allows faster and safer travel, making it less dependent on conditions and seasonal weather. The world begins to open up to the big trade.
However, one of the biggest changes is given by the ideas. The intellectual movement of the Enlightenment, which occurred in Europe during this century introduces new thoughts and definitions, revealing a new path for humanity. The Enlightenment took reaches macro (large), but stands out above all their political power, the foundation and basis of modern states.
has its roots in Germany, but also developing, and very strong in France and England. Motto of the Enlightenment is the phrase of the German philosopher Kant Imannuel "help yourself in your own understanding", and refers to use human reason as the foundation of all social order, replacing definitely ideas based on divine revelation and the Catholic Church. This does not mean that Europe has become an atheist, but religion is "debug", cleaned of reasons or ideas that have no real and concrete testing. The importance of this movement is to spread the ideas of progress and social development, educational and economic, on the basis of an appropriate policy.
To highlight some of the works, we mention the work of philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau, with his book "The Social Contract", which sharply criticizes the despotic governments and monarchies. In the book, Rousseau says that every person has inalienable rights and freedoms (which means you can not remove or strip), but life in society caused clashes between the rights of some and others. To keep the people or society into a contract, through which regulates the enforcement of rights and freedoms are protected, and the Government would monitor and guard. From this approach, each government would have a duty to respond to the society just as it was he who granted the authority. Rousseau speaks with property of so-called "Popular Sovereignty", which means that the power and legitimacy rests with the people, and he is responsible for appointing their rulers, or depose them should they not fulfill the contract.
Another work for the philosopher Montesquieu, who first raised the idea that power is not unique, and concentrate it means crossing the barrier of oppression, despotism and personalism. He defines three basic powers of society: the legislative, executive and judicial, which would be independent of each other, either because the executive is temporary and transitional. In opposition to tyranny, Montesquieu does not deny the existence of the monarchy, but they must operate under this division.
Finally, Jhon Locke's ideas, which propagates the existence of rights principles: equality, liberty and private property, which would have the characteristic of being inalienable.
The Enlightenment and its ideas awakened the consciousness of Europeans and Americans, being based on the French Revolution and of the Independence of the Thirteen Colonies (USA).
Influence of the Enlightenment in Chile. Few
Creoles who had access to new ideas, only the most educated or "elite" in Creole.
However, changes of administration in the eighteenth century spread these modern ideas. Remember that the enlightened despotism of the Bourbon absolutism is an adaptation to new ideas: it raises the concentration of power, but this power should be in the interest of the people and their development. "Everything for the people, but without the people." The Creoles were able to approach the ideas illustrated through the government of the aforementioned "enlightened governors, or agents of the crown that propelled the development of Chile, as Ambrose O'Higgins, Amat and Juniet, Manso de Velasco. The colony experienced a remarkable development to these governors, reflected in the founding of cities, development of trade and production, construction of roads and beautification of the city of Santiago.
Another change that was experienced, and has enlightened ideas concerning the liberalization of trade and Monopoly relaxation of the Crown (1778), which attempted to increase the production of the colonies, to get taxes from the commercial activity and to counter smuggling.
How does the Enlightenment to Chile?.
Many obstacles had to overcome to reach enlightenment for our country, especially as ideas such as popular sovereignty, separation of powers or freedom and equality were contrary to what the Crown wanted to stimulate. The vast majority of texts and publications were banned, but there are always alternative ways, and as they say "history can not be stopped"
a) Contraband: although the Free Trade Act (1778) tried to stop, the subsequent wars in which Spain participated in the eighteenth century generated stages of general shortages in the American colonies that only the illegal trade of European nations could be saved. Thus, across the Atlantic and Cape Horn came many French and Dutch ships, which brought not only commodities but also luxury items and some other banned book fell into the hands of the natives.
b) Travel and Travellers: during the eighteenth century the House of lost importance with the decree, and before his disappearance, migration policy was relaxed. This allowed some Creoles could travel to Europe, soaking up new ideas. During this period, major armed personal libraries, as Don Manuel de Salas, a noted Creole counted among his most cherished the Encyclopedia of Diderot and d'Alembert, the Emile and the Social Contract, Rousseau.
c) productive and commercial policy: the impetus given by the Crown to the production and trade allowed the Creole farmers working farms and move closer to a new way to conduct business: trade. Care not only feed themselves but also to accumulate wealth and invest approach is the basis of capitalism. This does not mean that the Creoles became capitalists, but it smelled its principles.
d) Development of a national literature: during the eighteenth century and flourished important works about politics, history and geography of one form or another spread a sense of identification with the Chilean soil. The precursors of these works were mainly Jesuits in exile, as Manuel Lacunza, although this aspect is important, it is noteworthy that very few natives have access to reading this work.
e) The French Revolution and American Independence: the French Revolution aroused the resentment toward the Creole people's movements, who watched with suspicion by being violent and attacks on the loyalty to the king. Independence of the United States was met with acceptance by their nature ordained and social improvement, drawing the attention of the natives the rapid development and growth of the thirteen colonies achieved after becoming independent from England, the enemy of Spain. While they may be considered both as causes of the Independence of Chile, this was indirect, as the natives do not mobilized to generate riots and autonomous movements. What must be stressed is that served as examples for the formation of independent governments, the works of the First National Congress of the Dictatorship of race are based on the principles of the two great movements of the century, principles which in turn were collected from the Enlightenment.
Please note:
Key concepts:
- popular sovereignty.
- Division of powers.
- Self-government and autonomy.
- French Revolution.
- Independence of the Thirteen Colonies.
- Enlightenment.
technical and technological advances witnessed in the course of the century. By the middle of it, begin to see the early history of the Industrial Revolution, which marked the introduction of the machine and mass production in the economies of European countries. One example is the steam engine. Advances in communications
are products of this revolution. Navigation undergoes a significant transformation with the advent of steamships, which replaced the old ships and ships of large canopies. The steamer allows faster and safer travel, making it less dependent on conditions and seasonal weather. The world begins to open up to the big trade.
However, one of the biggest changes is given by the ideas. The intellectual movement of the Enlightenment, which occurred in Europe during this century introduces new thoughts and definitions, revealing a new path for humanity. The Enlightenment took reaches macro (large), but stands out above all their political power, the foundation and basis of modern states.
has its roots in Germany, but also developing, and very strong in France and England. Motto of the Enlightenment is the phrase of the German philosopher Kant Imannuel "help yourself in your own understanding", and refers to use human reason as the foundation of all social order, replacing definitely ideas based on divine revelation and the Catholic Church. This does not mean that Europe has become an atheist, but religion is "debug", cleaned of reasons or ideas that have no real and concrete testing. The importance of this movement is to spread the ideas of progress and social development, educational and economic, on the basis of an appropriate policy.
To highlight some of the works, we mention the work of philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau, with his book "The Social Contract", which sharply criticizes the despotic governments and monarchies. In the book, Rousseau says that every person has inalienable rights and freedoms (which means you can not remove or strip), but life in society caused clashes between the rights of some and others. To keep the people or society into a contract, through which regulates the enforcement of rights and freedoms are protected, and the Government would monitor and guard. From this approach, each government would have a duty to respond to the society just as it was he who granted the authority. Rousseau speaks with property of so-called "Popular Sovereignty", which means that the power and legitimacy rests with the people, and he is responsible for appointing their rulers, or depose them should they not fulfill the contract.
Another work for the philosopher Montesquieu, who first raised the idea that power is not unique, and concentrate it means crossing the barrier of oppression, despotism and personalism. He defines three basic powers of society: the legislative, executive and judicial, which would be independent of each other, either because the executive is temporary and transitional. In opposition to tyranny, Montesquieu does not deny the existence of the monarchy, but they must operate under this division.
Finally, Jhon Locke's ideas, which propagates the existence of rights principles: equality, liberty and private property, which would have the characteristic of being inalienable.
The Enlightenment and its ideas awakened the consciousness of Europeans and Americans, being based on the French Revolution and of the Independence of the Thirteen Colonies (USA).
Influence of the Enlightenment in Chile. Few
Creoles who had access to new ideas, only the most educated or "elite" in Creole.
However, changes of administration in the eighteenth century spread these modern ideas. Remember that the enlightened despotism of the Bourbon absolutism is an adaptation to new ideas: it raises the concentration of power, but this power should be in the interest of the people and their development. "Everything for the people, but without the people." The Creoles were able to approach the ideas illustrated through the government of the aforementioned "enlightened governors, or agents of the crown that propelled the development of Chile, as Ambrose O'Higgins, Amat and Juniet, Manso de Velasco. The colony experienced a remarkable development to these governors, reflected in the founding of cities, development of trade and production, construction of roads and beautification of the city of Santiago.
Another change that was experienced, and has enlightened ideas concerning the liberalization of trade and Monopoly relaxation of the Crown (1778), which attempted to increase the production of the colonies, to get taxes from the commercial activity and to counter smuggling.
How does the Enlightenment to Chile?.
Many obstacles had to overcome to reach enlightenment for our country, especially as ideas such as popular sovereignty, separation of powers or freedom and equality were contrary to what the Crown wanted to stimulate. The vast majority of texts and publications were banned, but there are always alternative ways, and as they say "history can not be stopped"
a) Contraband: although the Free Trade Act (1778) tried to stop, the subsequent wars in which Spain participated in the eighteenth century generated stages of general shortages in the American colonies that only the illegal trade of European nations could be saved. Thus, across the Atlantic and Cape Horn came many French and Dutch ships, which brought not only commodities but also luxury items and some other banned book fell into the hands of the natives.
b) Travel and Travellers: during the eighteenth century the House of lost importance with the decree, and before his disappearance, migration policy was relaxed. This allowed some Creoles could travel to Europe, soaking up new ideas. During this period, major armed personal libraries, as Don Manuel de Salas, a noted Creole counted among his most cherished the Encyclopedia of Diderot and d'Alembert, the Emile and the Social Contract, Rousseau.
c) productive and commercial policy: the impetus given by the Crown to the production and trade allowed the Creole farmers working farms and move closer to a new way to conduct business: trade. Care not only feed themselves but also to accumulate wealth and invest approach is the basis of capitalism. This does not mean that the Creoles became capitalists, but it smelled its principles.
d) Development of a national literature: during the eighteenth century and flourished important works about politics, history and geography of one form or another spread a sense of identification with the Chilean soil. The precursors of these works were mainly Jesuits in exile, as Manuel Lacunza, although this aspect is important, it is noteworthy that very few natives have access to reading this work.
e) The French Revolution and American Independence: the French Revolution aroused the resentment toward the Creole people's movements, who watched with suspicion by being violent and attacks on the loyalty to the king. Independence of the United States was met with acceptance by their nature ordained and social improvement, drawing the attention of the natives the rapid development and growth of the thirteen colonies achieved after becoming independent from England, the enemy of Spain. While they may be considered both as causes of the Independence of Chile, this was indirect, as the natives do not mobilized to generate riots and autonomous movements. What must be stressed is that served as examples for the formation of independent governments, the works of the First National Congress of the Dictatorship of race are based on the principles of the two great movements of the century, principles which in turn were collected from the Enlightenment.
Please note:
Key concepts:
- popular sovereignty.
- Division of powers.
- Self-government and autonomy.
- French Revolution.
- Independence of the Thirteen Colonies.
- Enlightenment.
0 comments:
Post a Comment